What are the effects of violent video games?

What are the effects of violent video games? Running Head: EXPOSURE TO VIOLENT VIDEO GAMES INCREASES AUTOMATIC AGGRESSIVENESS 1 INTRODUCTION Playing video games have become a hobby among people especially children and teenagers. Some video games are violent at the same time addictive and when they are played, there is an impact on the person playing the game. This has led some people to state that children become more aggressive after playing such games (Koop, 1982; Zimbardo, 1982). Parents nowadays have to sacrifice their time to monitor their children and to control the amount of time their children spend playing these video games. There are many types of new video games being introduced because of the popularity of these games and the number of players playing these games. Many researches have been conducted over the centuries about violent media and violent video games and the empirical evidence regarding the negative effects of violent video games and media is overwhelming. Violence has been a big issue in societies around the world for centuries and violence on the media causes violent behaviour among people. Findi ngs suggest that one way in which the violent media may influence behaviour is through the changes in a persons’ automatic self-concept. There were no researches on this done before. Therefore this research was carried out to find out the possibility. CONTENT This journal is about the effects of exposure to violent video games on automatic aggressiveness. A sample of 121 students were used in this research. Playing the violent video game Doom lead participants to associate themselves with aggressive traits and actions on the Implicit Association Test. In addition, self-reported prior exposure to violent video games predicted automatic aggressive self-concept, above and beyond self-reported aggression. Many researches have been conducted in the past regarding the effects of exposure to violent video games as well as violent television shows on aggressiveness and results show a positive correlation between the variables. According to a research, trait aggression as well as self-reported, peer reported and teacher reported aggressive behaviour correlates with exposure to violent television shows and video games (Anderson Dill, 2000; Singer Singer, 1983, 1986; Singer, Singer, Rapaczynski, 1984). Experimental studies as well as longitudinal studies have been carried out in the past. Experimental studies have shown that watching violent movie scenes on television and playing with violent video games increases aggressive behaviours such as delivering electric shocks and blasts of noise to another person (Anderson Dill, 2000; Anderson, &Murphy; Bartholow Anderson,2002; Bushman, 1998; Bushman Huesmann, 2001; Wood, Wong, Chachere, 1991), increases agressive expectations for others ( Bushman Anderson, 2002 ) and reduces prosocial behaviour ( Anderson Bushman, 2001 ). Longitudinal studies on the other hand have shown that watching violent television is one of the best predictors of future violent behaviours for example, criminal behaviour. (Huesmann, Eron, Lefkowitzb, Walder, 1973; Johnson, Cohen, Smailes, Kasen, Brook, 2002). What is not so clear and well understood is the mechanisms by which exposure to violent media increases aggressive behaviour. In addition to other influences, such as learning of aggressive values (Bandura, 1978; Bandura, Ross, Ross, 1963), current models (Huesmann, 1986; Berkowitz, 1990; Bushman, 1998; Anderson Bushman, 2002) assume that the mechanisms underlying the effects of violent media are often automatic in nature. According to Berkowitz (1990), violent media automatically causes aggressive thoughts and feelings. Anderson Dill (2002) pointed out that playing violent video games increases the automatic accessibility of aggressive traits and actions in one’s memory. When one is repeatedly being exposed to violent media, one’s aggressive thoughts and actions are easily accessible causing an increase in the likelihood that the person will behave aggressively especially when the person is being provoked or in a frustrated state. (Anderson Dill, 2000; Berkowitz, 1990; Bushman, 1998; Todorov Bargh, 2002). Besides, according to researches there will also be an influence on automatic relations with the self when one is exposed to violent media (Greenwald Banaji, 1995; Greenwald, McGhee, Schwartz, 1998; Todorov Bargh, 2002). Research involving the area of automatic social cognition on the other hand suggests that people’s cognitive associations with the self and other attitudes objects would mediate the relationship between their environment and their behaviours. (Bargh Chartrand, 1999; Greenwald Banaji, 1995; Todorov Bargh, 2002). Measures of these associations (Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, Williams,1995; Greenwald et al., 1998) are strong predictors of relevant judgments and behaviours, including the actions that discriminate members of social outgroups (Bessenoff Sherman, 2000; Dovidio, Kawakami, Johnson, Johnson, Howard, 1997; Fazio et al., 1995; Gawronski, Ehrenberg, Banse, Zukova, Klaur, 2003; McConnell Leibold, 2001; Rudman Glick, 2001) and psychological abuse of oneà ¢â‚¬â„¢s spouse (Zayas Shoda, 1999). According to this journal, exposure to violent media may exert an influence on one’s behaviour through changes in a person’s automatic self-concept. For example, the extent to which one associates the self with aggressive traits and actions. It is time this research is carried out because till date, there are no researches that have explored this possibility. This study investigated the relationship between exposure to violent media and the automatic self-concept on two levels. The first one was, can exposure to media, in this case the violent video game Doom in the laboratory temporarily change the extent to which people associate the self with aggression ? Second, does the extent to which a person plays with violent video games in their own life predict their automatic self-concept with regard to aggression, above and beyond self reported aggressiveness? Violent video games have the tendency to influence the player more and cause the player to learn aggressive scripts compared to violent television and movies (Anderson, 2002). In this study, 121 introductory psychology students took part in the experiment in return for course credit. 54 were males, 65 females and another 2 did not give an answer. All the participants were 18 years old and above. The materials used in this study were violent games,non-violent video game, implicit association test, feeling thermometers, semantic differentials, Buss and Perry aggression questionnaire and previous game exposure questionnaire. A popular 3d game, Doom was selected as the violent video game. The non-violent video games used was â€Å" Mahjongg : Clicks†, a puzzle game. The Implicit- Association Test ( IAT ) was used to measure the automatic aggressive self-concept. This test was developed by Greenwald (1998). The participants completed two feeling thermometer measures whereby they rated themselves on a scale from 0( not aggressive ) to 100 ( extremely aggressive ) and on the other one they rated â€Å"other people† on the same scale. They also rate d themselves and other people on three semantic differential scales and also completed the Buss and Perry (1992) Aggression Questionnaire to measure trait aggression. Besides, participants were also asked on their previous game exposure. All the participants were asked to play Doom or Mahjong for 10 minutes. They were then assessed using the IAT, feeling thermometers, semantic differentials, Buss and Perry Questionnaire and the previous game exposure questionnaire in a fixed order. This was the procedure conducted. Various results were found soon after that. Overall, participants associated themselves more with â€Å"Peaceful† than with â€Å"Aggressive† on the IAT. The more positive a person’s IAT score, the greater their association of Aggression with Self. A 2 (game condition : violent vs non violent ) Ãâ€" 2 ( gender ) ANOVA on participant’s IAT scores. Participants in the Doom game condition were more likely to automatically associate themselves with aggression than participants in the Mahjongg game condition and there seem to be no interaction between the participants’ gender and game condition. As hypothesised, playing violent video games did increase automatic aggressiveness and it applies to both males and females. However on the feeling thermometers, semantic differential measures and Buss and Perry measure, participants reported a low level of aggressiveness. The same was done whereby a 2 (game condition : violent vs non violent ) Ãâ€" 2 ( gender ) ANOVA on participants’ scores on the 3-self reported aggressiveness measures. The results gained from this was that there were no significant effects of game condition on the feeling thermometer measure, semantic differential measure and Buss and Perry scale. There were no gender effects on both feeling thermometer and differential measures but on the Buss and Perry scale, there was a significant gender difference whereby the score for aggressiveness for men were higher than for women. Overall, the results suggested that exposure to violent video games did not significantly influence the self-reported aggressiveness of both males and females. For the prior game exposure questionnaire, the results showed that more men played video games and spent more time playing violent video games compared to women. However, both these genders did not differ in their exposure to non violent video games. Both the IAT and the Buss and Perry scale were positively correlated with self-reported prior exposure to violent video games and neither correlated with prior exposure to non violent video games. The relationship between the measures and prior exposure to violent video games remained significant after controlling for game condition. Therefore, long term exposure to violent video games makes largely independent contributions to automatic and self-reported aggressiveness. The author came up with a good discussion about this research and several conclusions were drawn. Most people have the belief that exposure to violent media has no effect on them personally but they do believe that it has an effect on other people (Innes Zeitz, 1988). As a conclusion, in this study participants that played the violent video game, Doom for 10 minutes associated the self more with aggressive traits on the IAT. However, they did not associate self with aggressive traits on the other self-report measures. Thus, the findings suggest that the short term effects of game exposure on the self-concept in this study were strongest at an automatic level. It is easy to imagine how playing a violent video game could temporarily increase the accessibility of aggressive concepts, feelings, and thoughts through priming or spreading activation (Anderson Dill, 2000; Berkowitz, 1990; Bushman, 1998). There have been many correlation, experimental as well as longitudinal studies over the decades that suggest that exposure to violent media is a cause of aggressive behaviour (Bushman Anderson, 2001; Singer Singer, 1983). From the results of this study, it is found that violent media may also exert their effects through changes in automatic associations with the self. There will be several strengths as well as limitations when it comes to research. First, the critique will be on the strengths of this research. There are a few strengths that must be highlighted. The hypothesis and purpose of study of this research is clear and understandable. This is one plus point of this whole research because without a clear and proper purpose of study, the readers would not understand the whole research and what it is all about. Therefore, having a proper purpose of study in all researches is important. The purpose of study for this research was to examine the relationship between exposure to violent media, in this case the violent video game and the automatic self concept on two different levels as mentioned previously. This research is different from other research because this research focuses more on the self concept. Another strength of this research is that it provides cognitive awareness through its clear explanations in the discussion section of the research. According to social cognitive models, the self is a knowledge structure, organized as a network of associations (Greenwald et al., 2002). It provides a clear knowledge on how priming can increase the automatic accessibility of a possible self. There are other studies, Wheeler Petty, 2001 ; Blair Ma Lenton, 2001 that explains more on how priming increases the automatic accessibility of a possible self. Participants will gain more knowledge in the sense that they know and have an idea on what is actually going on and why they react in such ways. Therefore this research in other words will create awareness among people. Every research will have strengths as well as several limitations. The limitations of a research need to be pointed out so that future researchers would take the weaknesses into consideration when conducting their research. The first limitation identified in this research is that the researcher did not really get the expected results from the participants. There were no significant effects of game condition on the feeling thermometer measure, semantic differential measure and Buss and Perry scale. Therefore the first limitation of the study would be the self report measures. Several other studies for example Rushbrook (1986) have measured the aggression using self reports. The problem with the research is that the correlational evidence is not so convincing and sometimes the observed positive correlations may not only be due to aggressive individuals having a greater desire for video games. It can be due to other factors such as low educational level or low socioeconomic status. Vid eo games studies with better methods typically yield greater effects, suggesting that heightened concern about harmful effects of exposure to violent video game is warranted. Another limitation would be health issues of the participants were not taken into consideration during the experiment. For example, when one plays violent video games, some biological processes occur inside the person’s body. This could be dangerous. A study carried out by Lynch (1994) proposed that playing video games with violent content would produce greater cardiovascular responses. Besides, exposing one to violent video game is not good even if it was for an experiment purpose. Researchers in the British Journal Nature (1998) reported that the brain releases a hormone called dopamine when one is playing video games. Dopamine is a pleasure chemical hormone. Those exposed to these video games then tend to get addicted to it. It can be addictive even if exposed once. New brain research (Bartholow, Bushman Sestir, 2006) stated that violent video game players are showing less healthy development, brain tend to be more response to real-life violence such as gun attacks and th at those with these less empathic brain responses were more likely behave aggressively in the laboratory. Future researches should take this seriously before conducting any kind of experiments. It would be better if surveys on consumption of violent video games are used rather than carrying out experiments. CONCLUSION Although previously there have been many researches on violent video games from many aspects, this research showed something new. According to this research, there is a relationship between exposure to violent video games and the automatic self-concept. Therefore, it is proven that exposure to violent video games increases one’s automatic aggressiveness. Video games are not always bad. It depends on what video game one is playing. There are video games that are quite beneficial that can be used as training aids in classrooms and therapeutic settings. Violent video games on the other hand definitely have negative effects and causes aggression among children and teenagers. There are many different types of violent video games that which probably have different effects. Therefore researchers should carry out more studies to find out all the different effects caused by playing violent video games. Future studies perhaps could use more surveys instead of experiments because experi ments sometimes could be quite harmful if certain measures and precautions are not taken into consideration. This journal is quite useful in the sense that it gives a lot of information to readers about this new aspect of violent video games that never have been studied before. Studies such as this would create awareness among people and hopefully would have an impact on them as well. Such researches are carried out with the aim that somehow or the other the information and results that the researchers have found could help people for example reduce the amount of consumption of violent video games in the future. REFERENCES Uhlmann, E, Swanson, J. (2003). Exposure to violent video games increases automatic Aggressiveness. Journal of Adolescence. Retrieved from, http://www.lionlamb.org/research_articles/study 3.pdf Carnagey, N.L ., Anderson, C.A ., Bushman, B.J. ( 2007 ). The effect of video game violence on physiological desensitization to real-life violence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. Retrieved from, http://www.psychology.iastate.edu/faculty/caa/abstracts/2005-2009/07CAB.pdf Griffiths, M.(1998). Violent video games and aggression : A review of the literature. Retrieved from, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359178997000554 Hasan, Y. , Begue, L. , Scharkow, M., Bushman, B.J. (2013) The more you play, the more aggressive you become: A long-term experimental study of cumulative violent video game effects on hostile expectations and aggressive behaviour. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.Retrieved from, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103112002259

The Political Career of Daniel Webster Essay -- Biography Biographies

The Political Career of Daniel Webster Daniel Webster contributed a large potion of the Civil War. To begin, he was born in Salisbury, New Hampshire on January 18, 1782. His parents were farmers so many people didn't know what to expect of him. Even though his parents were farmers, he still graduated from Dartmouth College in 1801. After he learned to be a lawyer, Daniel Webster opened a legal practice in Portsmouth, New Hampshire in 1807. Webster quickly became an experienced and very good lawyer and a Federalist party leader. In 1812, Webster was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives because of his opposition to the War of 1812, which had crippled New England's shipping trade. After two more terms in the House, Webster decided to leave the Congress and move to Boston in 1816. Over the next 6 years, Webster won major constitutional cases in front of the Supreme Court making him almost famous. Some of his most notable cases were Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Gibbons v. Ogden, and McCulloch v. Maryland. He made himself the nations leading lawyer and an outstanding skilled public speaker or an orator. In 1823, Webster was returned to Congress from Boston, and in 1827 he was elected senator from Massachusetts. New circumstances let Daniel Webster become a champion of American nationalism. With the Federalist Party dead, he joined the National Republican party, he joined with Westerner Henry Clay and then endorsing federal aid for roads in the West. In 1828, since Massachusettses had shifted the economic interest from shipping to manufacturing, Webster decided to back the high-tariff bill of that year to help the small new manufacturing businesses grow. Angry souther... ...sue of expansion of slavery. Webster opposed the expansion but feared even more the separation of the union over the dispute of the expansion of slavery. In a powerful speech on March 7, 1850, he supported the Compromise of 1850, lowering southern threats of separation but urging northern support for a stronger law for the recovery of fugitive slaves. Webster was again named secretary of state in July 1850 by President Millard Fillmore and supervised the strict enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act. Webster's stand on the Act divided the Whig party, but it helped preserve the Union and keep it together for a little while after until the Civil War started. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Prodigy - Grolier Electronic Publishing, 1990, W-section 2. Daniel Webster - John Melvin, Copyright 1976, Bonhill Publishing 3. Civil War Heros - American Books, 1979, p.244-247

Lasik Eye Surgery Essay -- Eyesight Vision Corrective Surgery

Putting a Close Eye on LASIK Laser-Assisted In situ Keratomileusis (LASIK) is a surgical operation intended to allow an individual to live independent of glasses or contacts. Since 1995, when the Food and Drug Administration approved the type of laser used in corrective eye surgery, optometrists have developed a number of different procedures to clear up foggy or blurry vision in one's eye. In 1998, the Lasik surgery became the most common type of surgery, and remains the number one refractive eye surgery today. The surgery itself lasts no longer than 15 minutes per eye, and begins with the doctor placing a number of eye numbing drops into the patient's eyes to eliminate any possibilities of pain during the procedure. The first step in the procedure involves the cutting of a flap in the cornea by a computer programmed device called a microkeratome. By cutting the flap, the surgeon is able to use tiny tweezers-like instruments to unpeel the sliced flap. With the flap peeled back from the cornea the laser is used to remove small pieces of the inner part of the cornea, but the laser has only a specified wavelength which does not allow it to pass through the cornea to any other portion of the eye. The flap is then repositioned without stitches and is secure after seconds of drying ("Lasik Eye Surgery"). Doctors claim that the surgery is so popular because the patient's vision is restored rapidly and there is little to no post- surgery pain. But while the number of patients receiving the procedure rises, so do the number of complications and patient complaints. Patients whose vision was successfully restored cite that the success of the operation is dependent on the experience and skill of the surgeon, but many cases can be ... ...ped to assist with this problem, but currently over fifty percent of patients will experience poor night vision in the first month following their surgery, and of those, half will experience permanent night vision problems. http://archives.thedaily.washington.edu/2001/010901/N5.Lasereyesu.html http://www.kathygriffin.net/lasik.php Works Cited Elliott, Louise. " Laser eye surgery may damage night-vision long term." The Canadian Press. 17 July 2000. Canoe Network. 1 Nov. 2005. . "Lasik Surgery." Wake Forest University Eye Center. 23 August 2005. Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center. 1 Nov. 2005. http://www1.wfubmc.edu/lasik/LASIK+Eye+Surgery/. "Lasik Eye Surgery." Center for Devices and Radiological Health. 9 March 2005. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 1 Nov. 2005. http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/LASIK/risks.htm.

The Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Procedure Health And Social Care Essay

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ( ERCP ) is a process used to name bilious piece of land and pancreatic pathologic conditions. ERCP is a utile diagnostic method when the bilious canals are non dilated and when no obstructor exists at the ampulla. ERCP is performed by go throughing a fiberoptic endoscope through the oral cavity into the duodenum under fluoroscopic control. To ease transition of the endoscope, the patient & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s pharynx is sprayed with a local anaesthetic. Because this causes impermanent pharyngeal paresis, nutrient and drink are normally prohibited for at least 1 hr after the scrutiny. Food possibly withheld for up to 10 hours after the process to minimise annoyance to the tummy and little intestine. After the endoscopes locate the hepatopancreatic ampulla ( ampulla of Vater ) a little cannula is passed through the endoscope and directed into the ampulla. Once the cannula decently placed, the contrast medium is injected into the com mon gall canal. The patient so may be moved, fluoroscopy performed and topographic point radiogram taken. Oblique topographic point radiogram may be taken to forestall convergence of common gall canal and the pancreatic canal. Because the injected contrast stuff should run out from normal canals within about 5 proceedingss, radiogram must be exposed instantly. The contrast medium that is used depends on the penchant of the radiotherapist or gastroenterologist. Dense contrast agents opicify little canals really good, but they may befog little rocks. If little rocks are suspected, usage of a more dilute contrast medium is suggested. A history of patient sensitiveness to an iodinated contrast medium in another scrutiny. Does non needfully contraindicate its usage for ERCP. However the patient must be watched carefully for a reaction to the contrast medium during ERCP. Ercp is frequently indicated when both clinical and radiographic findings indicate abnormalcies in the bilious system o r pancreases. OCG, ultrasound scrutiny or IVC is normally performed before ERCP. Ultrasonography of the upper portion of the venters before endoscopy is frequently recommended to guarantee the doctor that no pseudocyts are present. This measure is of import because contrast medium injected into pseudocycts may take to redness or rupture of the pseudocysts. Another process that is performed more often for scrutiny of the bilious and chief pancreatic canals is endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, or ERCP. This scrutiny is carried out to specify the site and cause of bilious dilition. To look into the diffuse disease ( sclerosing cholangitis ) , pancreatic disease and besides post-cholecystectomy syndrome.EndoscopyEndoscopy is review of any pit of the organic structure by agencies of an endoscope, an instrument that allows light by the internal liner of an organ. Assorted fiber-optic endoscopes are available for usage in analyzing the interior liner of the tummy, duodenum and colon. Older type of endoscopes allow for single sing merely through an ocular, but newer picture endoscope undertaking the image onto video proctors for multiple screening. Besides a particular type of fiber-optic endoscope, name duodenuscope, is normally used for an ERCP test. This instrument, when inserted into the duodenum through the oral cavity, gorg e and tummy, provides a fisheye side position that Is utile for turn uping and infixing a catheter or cannula into the little gap of hepatopancreatic sphincter, taking from the duodenum into the common gall canal an the chief pancreatic canal.DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTICThe ERCP can be a diagnostic or a curative process. Therapeutically, ERCP can be performed to alleviate certain diseased conditions through the remotion of choleliths or little lesions, or for other intents, such as to mend a stricture ( contracting or obstruction of a canal or canal ) of the hepatopancreatic sphincter or associated ducts* For diagnostic intents, in general, the ERCP process includes the endoscopic interpolation of the catheter or injection cannula into the common gall canal or chief pancreatic canal under fluoroscopic control, followed by retrograde injection ( backward or change by reversal way ) of contrast medium into the bilious canals. The process normally is performed by a gastroenterologist who is assisted by a squad that comprises the engineer, one or more nurses, and possibly a radiotherapistPATHOLOGIC INDICATIONSResidual concretion: Rocks may be located in one or more subdivisions of the bilious canals ( see Fig. 22-18 ) ; during the ERCP, the gastroenterologist may be able to take them with a specialised catheter. Stenosiss: A part of the bilious canals may hold been narrowed ; this warrants farther probe.ContraindicationPrimary contraindications for ERCP include hypersensitivity to iodinated contrast medium, acute infection of the bilious system, possible pseudocyst of the pancreas, and/or elevated creatinine and/or BUN degrees.PATIENT PREPARATIONBefore Patient readying for ERCP will change based on departmental protocol. The process should be clearly explained to the patient, and a careful clinical history taken. The patient should be placed in a infirmary gown and should be NPO at least 8 hours prior to the process. Make certain you tell the physician if you are pregnant, have lung or bosom status, have any allergic to medicine. You besides should state the physician if you have unreal bosom valve or you need to take any antibiotic before the surgical process because in the ERCP process, you need to take particular antibiotic for ERCP. If you are diabetic patient, and use insulin you should set the dose of the insulin on the twenty-four hours of the scrutiny. It best for you, to convey your diabetes medication so that, you can take after the process. You should convey a responsible individual to attach to you after the process. This is because ; you should non drive or run machinery at least 8 hours, because the medicine can do sleepiness. During Before the process, patient must have on a infirmary gown and will be ask to take eyes spectacless and dental plates. The physician will discourse with the patient what will go on during the scrutiny and will explicate any hazard. This is the clip for the patient to inquire if at that place have any inquiry to the physician. This process is conduct by the experience endoscopist for approximately 1 to 2 hours. A local anaesthetic ( pain alleviating medicine ) may be applied to the patient pharynx. The patient will make full relax and drowsy when given pain stand-in and ataractic intravenously in the vena. A mouth piece is placed in the oral cavity. It will non interfere the patient external respiration. The endoscopist will infix endoscope through the oral cavity while the patent lying on the left side during the process. The endoscope will traveling down go through the patient tummy into the duodenum. Contrast stuff is injected easy into the bilious canal and ten beam is taken. After After complete the process, the patient will remain in the recovery room for approximately 1 to 2 hours for the observation of any alterations occur. Patient will experience impermanent tenderness in their pharynx. A responsible individual must attach to the patient after the process. It is recommended to that individual to remain with the patient for 24 hours after the process. When the consequence is ready, it will be sent to the primary attention or mentioning physician. They will discourse the consequence with you. If the consequence of the process required prompt medical, the necessary agreement will be made. If the patient have severe abdominal hurting, febrility, thorax hurting, sickness and continues cough within 72 hours after the process, called the physician or travel to the nearest exigency room.Major EquipmentFluoroscopy is required during arrangement of a catheter into the bilious canals and injection of contrast media. Postradiographic images may be taken following the flour process.ACCESSORY EQUIPMENTPanpipes of assorted sizes, syringe arrangers, iodinated, water-soluble contrast media ( perchance a diluted concentration to forestall obscuring of little concretion ) , emesis footing, baseball mitts, and unfertile curtains are required.PrecautionI. Because the patient ‘s pharynx is anesthetized during the process, the patient should stay NPO for at least 1 hr ( or more ) after the process. This will forestall aspiration of nutrient or liquid into the lungs. 2. Review the clinical history of the patient to find whether the patient has pancreatitis or, specifically, a pseudocyst of the pancreas. Injecting contrast media into a pseudocyst may take to tear, 3. Ensure that all individuals in the fluoroscopy room wear protective aprons.TechniqueThe throat is anaesthetized with 4 % Lidocaine spray and the patient is given diazepam 5 mg mm-1 i.v. until sedated. The patient so lies on the left side and the endoscope is introduced. The ampulla of Vater is located and the patient is turned prone. A polythene catheter prefilled with contrast medium is inserted into the ampulla, holding ensured that all air bubbles are excluded. A little trial injection of contrast under fluoroscopic control is made to find the place of the cannula. It is of import to avoid over-filling of the pancreas. If it is desirable to opacify both the bilious tree and pancreatic canal, so the latter should be cannulated foremost. A sample of gall should be sent for civilization and sensitiveness if there is grounds of bilious obstructor.ProcedureERCP usage ten beam and is perform in a room with specially equip for ten beam and it is done in the infirmary. The patient must remain overnight if the process involve the remove of bilestones or topographic point a stent during the trial. ERCP is done by a physician that specializer train inendoscopy. Normally a physician who specialist in disease of digestive system or there are called gastroenterologist. A little thin, flexible fiber-optic endoscope is used during this process. First, the patient is place on his tummy or the left side with the patient caput turns to the right. The patient is sedated and a plastic are topographic point in the oral cavity to maintain the oral cavity unfastened during the scrutiny. Then a oral cavity guard is inserted to protect the dentition from the endoscope. The endoscope tip is lubricated and will be guided into the oral cavity while the physician gently presses the lingua out of the manner. The patient is asked to get down to assist to travel the tubing along. Next, the endoscope is gently inserted into the upper gorge. Once the endoscope is in gorge, the patient caput will be tilted unsloped to assist the range slide down. During this scrutiny, the patient breath easy with muzzling seldom occurs. A thin tubing is inserted through the endoscope to the chief gall canal until it reaches the point where the canal from the pancreas and gall bladder drain into the duodenum or we called papilla. A little sum of air will be inj ected through the range for the physician to see easy. Several X ray are taken and the image is diagnosed.EndoscopeEndoscope has a side channel down which assorted tubing or instrument can go through through. There are many utilizations of the endoscope for illustration injects a dye into the gall and besides pancreatic canal. After the injection of dye, x beam image are taken instantly and demo up all the item of the canal. This besides may demo the narrowing of the canal, stuck gall rock, and besides to most present in the canal. Other test are, take a little sample called biopsy from the liner of tummy pancreatic and duodenum. The biopsy sample can be look into for unnatural tissue and cell by utilizing microscope. If the ten beam show gallstone stuck in the canal, the physician will widen the gap of the papilla to allow the rock out into the duodenum. The stuck rock can be grabbed by utilizing basket or allow it to be passed out with the faces. If the X beam shows the obstructio n or the narrowing of the gall canal, the physician will set a stent to open it widely. A stent is a little wire or plastic tubing it will let by to run out into duodenum in a normal manner.Hazard or side consequence of ERCPERCP is a trial that does hold some hazards and this trial may do some serious job for illustration redness of the pancreas ( pancreatitis-because the pancreas and bile canal prevarication near to each other and there have a opportunity the pancreas can inflame. ) , shed blooding ( which may happen when the gall canal are enlarge ) , infection of the gall canal ( occur when the remotion of the bilestone ) , unnatural bosom beat, a puncture of tummy, duodenum, pancreatic canal and besides the gorge. After 48 hours of the process, the most common side consequence is abdominal hurting, febrility, trouble in external respiration, blood emesis, and redness of the pancreas, and experiencing dizzy. When this occurs, the patient should seek for a physician. The endoscope itself can do some harm to the bile canal or intestine. This may take to the hemorrhage, infection, and besides perforation. The IV injection will do patient feel sleepy and non able to retrieve what go on during several hours after the trial. Patient have heavy palpebras, trouble in speech production, dry oral cavity and fuzz vision for several hours after the trial. Patient may be acquire and experience nauseated or have mild abdominal spasm when the tubing is moved inside the organic structure. Patient besides will detect a crisp combustion and biting esthesis when the IV is started in the arm. The anaesthetic that are sprayed into the patient pharynx normally taste acrimonious and do tough and pharynx fell swollen and numb. Some patient can non take a breath due to the tubing in their pharynx.

Positive Impact of Outsourcing in India Essay

Outsourcing or Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) to countries belonging to the developing classification is the present trend. The establishment of outsourcing as an essential component in the world economy is a result of explosive growth of internet, development of the information society, and globalization. The outsourcing of Information Technology (IT) emerged during the time of the start of every corner of the world being brought together by the internet and the national barriers of countries all over the globe were brought down by globalization(Ghimire, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In information technology industry, outsourcing to developing countries is the latest strategy of companies from developed countries mainly as a cost-cutting mechanism. Outsourcing now is not merely other firms handling operations and services of other companies but rather it has crossed the national borders. Parts of the IT aspects or the whole business functions are now executed and managed by different companies in developing countries like India, Brazil, China, Israel, and Philippines. These developing countries have companies which cater to the needs of big companies in developed countries. Outsourcing to other countries is thus the provision of services like those associated with information technology by companies of developing countries to sustain the needs of the companies which are in developed countries. The primary driving force of big companies in developing countries employing outsourcing in developing countries are: higher efficiency, better quality of services, and cheaper labor cost(Nag, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The growth of the information technology sector of India has been unparalleled since the liberation of the Indian Telecom sector in 1994. The progression of India as a global outsourcing provider is continuous since then. Today, this country is the primary outsourcing provider in the world, holding the 44% of global outsourcing market in back-office services and software. At the end of 2005 the revenues generated by the outsourcing in this country is 17.2 US dollars; and hired direct employment of 1.05 million people and hired indirect employees which sums up to 2.5 people. These indirectly hired employees are associated with the catering and transport business(Pradhan, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Positive and negative impacts to the people of India especially on the workers of the outsourcing provider companies are brought about by this new trend. The most significant impact of outsourcing in developing countries like India is on its economy and its employment rate. Numerous numbers of individuals are given the opportunity to work for a living through the outsourcing processes. The outsourcing of the information technology (IT) to India increased the employment rate with 100,000 people being hired annually. Though the salary of those people working in an outsourcing provider from a developing country is lower than those of their developed country counterparts, these salaries are already slightly higher in relation to the rates in their developing country(Nag, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The development of new infrastructures in developing countries like India is another affirmative impact of the business operations outsourcing. Aside from this, outsourcing also brought about the transmittance of ideas and technology to developing countries regarding various aspects of the business industry like manufacturing and agriculture. Guidance in communications from business-to-business and e-commerce applications; information provision regarding marketing and prices; and conveyance of knowledge on services processing operations are among the specific benefits acquired by developing countries through outsourcing(Nag, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The primary component of India’s outsourcing industry is the call centers which are providers of information and telecommunication technology-based off shoring services. The progression of the call center industry in India brought about changes in the culture and society of this nation. India which is a patriarchal society is now faced with the issue of social, cultural, and economic women empowerment because the call center industry prefers to hire women. These women call center agents acquired financial independence hence their outlook, career choice, and attitude changed from being subordinates of the patriarchal society into women capable of being independent and asserting themselves in their society and families. Despite women though being independent financially their social status in the society is not much changed because their work is considered inferiorly dignified due to the night working hours(Pradhan, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The call centers serve as avenue for the Indian call center agents to understand the culture, customs, and accent of the West through the costumers which they provide services. These Indian call center agents are also exposed to diverse culture of the people that they work with because foreigners also come to India and work as call center agents. The outsourcing thus also serves as a medium for the Indian people especially the youth who are working as call center agents to interact with foreigners of different languages and culture(Pradhan, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though outsourcing provides positive impacts to the people in India, it also goes along with its negative attributes. Some call center agents due to the pressures in their work and night working hours undergo panic attacks, stress, relationship troubles, depression, eating disorders, alcoholism, and relatively no social life. Mental, psychological, and health disorders are also observed in outsourcing companies due to the desire of the worker to cope with the challenges in their work. The workers of these outsourcing provider companies are subjected to racial and cultural discrimination by people of the developed countries which they service. The nature of the working hours of these outsourcing workers also brought about social division wherein the working class youth are alienated with their peers because they are not able to socialize with them(Pradhan, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Change like the development of India’s business industry through outsourcing despite having various benefits also comes with diverse disadvantages. The government which benefits from the revenues and taxes which are generated through the outsourcing industry needs to have programs to help the employees of this work force be able to cope up with the challenges they encounter. In general, outsourcing brought about boost in the economy of India and is strengthening the value of rupee against the US dollar. References Ghimire, B. (2005). IT Job Outsourcing. Ubiquity  Ã‚   Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http://www.acm.org/ubiquity/views/v6i31_bhumika.html Nag, B. (2004). BUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCING: IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS. Bulletin on Asia-Pacific Perspectives. Pradhan, J. P. a. V. A. (2005). Social and Cultural Impact of Outsourcing: Emerging Issues from Indian Call Centers. Harvard Asia Quarterly, from http://www.asiaquarterly.com/content/view/155/

Freedom of Pakistan and India

The Freedom of Pakistan and India Plan of the Investigation: In this essay, I chose to further investigate the freedom of Pakistan and India. On August 14, 1947, there was the birth of the new Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The very next day India had won its freedom from colonial rule lasting three hundred fifty years. The partition of India, following World War II, is the most tragic political event to affect India in its history. The partition divided Hindus and Muslims, who had lived together for nearly three hundred fifty years. It led to endless boundary disputes, three wars between the two neighbors, a nuclear powered arms race, and state-sponsored terrorism. Summary of Evidence: The freedom movements started when the Englishman Allan Hume helped a group of Indians start the Indian National Congress in 1885, which didn’t compete with British power. In the early 1900s, Bal Gangadhar Tilak brought a new faction within it, whose aim was independence. The Indian National Congress also had socialist impacts. In 1906, a big split occurred and the few Muslim that’s were in the Indian National Congress left, and a group called the Muslim League was formed. There are three main reasons that the Muslim nationalist movement emerged later than the Hindu movement. The first one is because the Muslims had their own religious schools and did not care about western thought as much as they should have. This was a problem because it was an important characteristic of the leaders of the revolutionaries. Secondly, the Muslims in the Indian National League were decreasing due to the increase in Hindu nationalism. Thirdly, the â€Å"big bang† was a dispute that occurred 1905-1911 in Bengal. In 1905, the British redrew the borders, giving the Muslims a majority of the districts. This upset the Hindus and in 1911, this decision was reversed. In 1906, as a result, there were two parties working for independence: the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League. In 1915, Mohandas Gandhi arrived in India. Gandhi obtained a degree in law with experience in nonviolent protests. Gandhi had the qualities to find peace with the Hindus for a greater cause, which was independence. He was well qualified. In his work, he actually caused pressure, causing the British Parliament to pass the Government of India Act. The act gave Indians the chance to have a law-making group, but the British Viceroy had the power to veto and the British were still the supreme rulers of India. The Hindus and Muslims were not satisfies with this act. The elected Indian legislature was formed by popularity. The Muslims had little representation, which upset them that the Hindu had more power over them. Gandhi tried to make peace, but in the elected congress there was no room for Muslims. The Hindus in the congress made it so the Muslims had limited rights. This upset the Muslims tremendously and was the final break between Hindus and Muslims. Evaluation of Sources: There are three main reasons for the partition of India. The first is that the British used the â€Å"divide and conquer† principle to rule India and had to instead use the â€Å"divide and relinquish† demands of Muslims. Secondly, the British thought that there were more people in the Muslim League pushing for Pakistan than there really were. They also didn’t understand why the Muslims were in every village and couldn’t move to Pakistan. Analysis: In India, many nationalistic movements had started and nationalism had grown tremendously. For example, the British made advances in transportation and communication. The British did not care about the customs of the people of India, which caused a distance between the ruler and the people. Therefore, the Indian National Congress was trying to get Britain to Quit India. The Muslim League came up with the idea for the British to divide up the land and then quit. The British implanted on this idea, but were also fearful of the potential threat that the Muslims. They had previously ruled the subcontinent for over 300 years under the Mughal Empire, so the British didn’t wanted hostility amongst them. They decided to separate the Muslims in India. In order to do so, the British helped establish the M. A. O. College at Aligarh and supported the All-India Muslim Conference, which were institutions that leaders of the Muslim League and Pakistan ideology came from and were placed on a separate electorate. The Muslims and the Hindus of India had religious conflicts amongst one another. The people that were rooted from India felt that the nature of Islam called for a communal Muslim society because that is all that they know. This idea made it hard for Muslims to accept change and refused to learn English or associate with the British especially because the Hindus were in high ranked positions in the government. The Muslims felt like the British favored Hindus. The Hindus resent the Muslims because of their formal rule. They wanted to make Hindi the national language, rather than Urdu. The Hindus and Muslims merely just fought for power. The Muslim League was further convinced by the Congress that it was impossible to live in an undivided India due to religious issues. For example, the â€Å"Bande Matram† was the national anthem that was forced to be sung in the schools, which expressed anti-Muslim sentiments. Conclusion: After years of oppression, at midnight on August 14, 1947, India was deemed an independent nation. Jawaharlal Nehru ruled as the first Prime Minister of the newly emancipated country. Gandhi was opposed to India being divided. In response, he spent the day in Calcutta fasting and praying. Muslims in the northern region of India were absorbed into Pakistan, and riots ensued. Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs found themselves at war with each other, and Kashmir and the surrounding area became a callous that greatly contributed to the First Indo- Pakistani War, lasting for two years, from 1947 to 1949. India and Pakistan were both granted full self-rule, with the King- Emperor being crowned Head of State of both countries. The Governor General served a King-Emperor’s representative, and in 1948, Chakravarti Rajgopalachi ensued Mountbatten. Mohammed Ali Jinnah stepped up as Pakistan’s Governor General, and Liaquat Ali Khan became Prime Minister. Sources and Word Limit: Hasan, Mushirul (2001), India's Partition: Process, Strategy and Mobilization, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 444 pages Kamat, Vikas. â€Å"The Partition of India. † Kamat's Potpourri — The History, Mystery, and Diversity of India. N. p. , n. d. Web. 8 Feb. 2010. . Provincial, and Central Governments. â€Å"Pakistan, or, The Partition of India, by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar. † Columbia University in the City of New York. N. p. , n. d. Web. 8 Feb. 2010. . Wolpert, Stanley. 2006. Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 272 pages. Words: 1,283

Short Grammar Activities for ESL Classes

Short Grammar Activities for ESL Classes These easy to implement and quick to execute grammar exercises are perfect to use in the ESL classroom when youre short on time but need to get your lesson across.   Jumbled Sentences Purpose: Word Order / Review Choose a number of sentences from the last few chapters (pages) that you have been working on in class. Make sure to choose a nice mixture including adverbs of frequency, time signifiers, adjectives, and adverbs, as well as multiple clauses for more advanced classes. Type (or write on the board) jumbled versions of the sentences and ask the students to reassemble them. Variation:  If you are focusing on specific grammar points, have the students explain why certain words are placed in certain places in a sentence. Example: If you are working on adverbs of frequency, ask students why often is placed as it is in the following negative sentence: He doesnt often go to the cinema. Finishing the Sentence Purpose: Tense Review Ask students to take a piece of paper out for a dictation. Ask students to finish the sentences that you begin. Students should complete the sentence you begin in a logical manner. Its best if you use connecting words to show cause and effect, conditional sentences are also a good idea. Examples: I like watching television because...Despite the cold weather,...If I were you,...I wish he... Listening for Mistakes Purpose: Improving Students Listening Abilities/Review Make up a story on the spot (or read something you have at hand). Tell students that they will hear a few grammatical errors during the story. Ask them to raise their hand when they hear an error made and correct the errors. Intentionally introduce errors into the story, but read the story as if the errors were perfectly correct. Variation:  Have students write down the mistakes you make and check the mistakes as a class when finished. Question Tag Interviews Purpose: Focus on Auxiliary Verbs Ask students to pair up with another student they feel they know reasonably well. Ask each student to prepare a set of ten different questions using question tags about that person based on what they know about him/her. Make the exercise more challenging by asking that each question is in a different tense (or that five tenses are used, etc.). Ask students to respond with short answers only. Examples: Youre married, arent you? - Yes, I am.You came to school yesterday, didnt you? - Yes, I did.You havent been to Paris, have you? - No, I havent.