Ethics In Information Technology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethics In Information Technology - Research Paper Example the human embryos. In addition, this is because embryos have status as divine creations and being potential persons. Moreover, taking a blastocyst and removing the nuclei to obtain an embryonic stem cell is equivalent to murder (Singer 45-97). Thus, I believe that furtherance of stem cell research would lead to a much greater potential harm, a lack of respect for all religious and cultural beliefs who believes that life begins at conception and are against abortion. This is in contravention to computer ethics that advocate for respect for societal values in the use of computer technology. Moreover, it leads to use of computers to destroy and harm other people, which is in contravention to the computer ethics. There are also ethical issues relating to use or applications of stem cells. This is because there should be respect for the donor who donated the stem cell in any future use and application of it. This should entail giving of informed consent, and respect for privacy and confid entiality of personal data. In addition, I am of the opinion that precautionary measures and ethical considerations should be considered in stem cell banks. This is because of the confidential and personal data involved and any bleach would leakage of such information would subject the donors to unwarranted exposure and persecution by opponents of stem cell research. Thus, these banks should be protected against computer hackers break-ins. Consequently, measures should be taken to defend and preserve the identity of both the donor and the recipient in stem cell research and use (Kristina and  Goran 232). This is in line with computer ethics, which requires that advocate for the maintenance of confidentiality of... Today, ethical standards may be categorized into copyright and intellectual property, Netiquette, and the general day-to-day ethics and have been summarized into the Ten Commandments for computer ethics by Computer Ethics Institute. In the current age of information technology, computers have been applied in varied disciplines including medicine in the field of embryonic stem cell research. Stem cell research has been the most remarkable latest advances. There have been a great debate relating to the ethical perspective of carrying out the stem cell research. There are several possible sources for stem cells, the utilization of human embryos as a source for stem cells has been the focus of strong moral dispute. In this research paper, I will seek to explore the ethical issues relating to stem cell research relating to computer usage stating my standing. There has been an immense deal of scientific concern recently created by research on human stem cells. The cloned embryo would then be used as a source of stem cells, which would be a genetic match for that donor. This procedure is intended to counter the problem of rejection immune system. In conclusion, whether destructive embryonic stem cell research is ethical or not depend on choices available, and how their specific advantages and weakness balance out. This means that ethical position is a substance of considering the danger of further eroding the respect due to potential life against the possible, therapeutic benefits that are hoped for from such research.

The Costs of Ecotourism in the Global Community Term Paper

The Costs of Ecotourism in the Global Community - Term Paper Example However, the costs of ecotourism have become a controversial issue among different sectors and institutions in global society. Even though ecotourism is seen to promote ecological awareness for travelers and serve as a significant revenue generator for rural societies, a lot of people question its real function in the community. Some groups like Tourism Concern in the UK argued that ecotourism harms the environment, together with the people in it. (Ecobits and Ecopieces 2002) Currently, the word ecotourism is used loosely in conversations. "Ecotourism" is often used to denote activities involving nature. "Ecotourism" can designate a wide array of activity like mountain climbing, water rafting, and other ecological explorations. However, it can be surprising to find out that various ecotourism institutions give definitions which are a way to far from the colloquial perception. Ecotourism means "ecological tourism," which possesses both "ecological" and "social" connotations. Ecotourism can denote both "concept/tourism movement" and as a "tourism sector (Ecotourism 2005)." The existence of ecotourism dates back in the late 1980s and United Nations declared the year 2002 as the International Year of Tourism. During that year, the UN has recognized the impact of ecotourism in the global community and aimed to promote "sustainable tourism (International Year of Ecotourism 2002)."The International Ecotourism Society (TIES) defines ecotourism as "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well being of local people (What is Ecotourism 2004)." This also implies that people who implement and take part in this "responsible travel" should adhere to principles so as promote the objectives of ecotourism. With this consideration, companies and participants alike are required to "minimize" their impact on the ecological society visited. Ecotourism activities should also be designed to establish environmental and cultural awareness and respect, as well as provide positive experiences for both visitors and hosts. Since ecotourism is geared to develop the "destination," it should be able to benefit the society financially for the conservation of the environment.  

Legal, Safety and Regulatory Requirements Essay Example for Free

Legal, Safety and Regulatory Requirements Essay This paper examines the impact of legal, safety and the regulatory requirements of the human resources development in an organization. This aspects look at the rights of the employee and the employer and how they are secured. This human resources process affects the lawful, well-being, and governing guidelines inside a business while the privileges of those employers and workers are protected by the U. S. Department of Labor, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and the Department of Homeland Security. The employee-related regulations are to guard the privileges of a company and worker. The U. S. Department of Labor gives organization an excellent effective setting and reduces employment ratios by offering development within the organization. The human resources areas have to commit to having current rules and guidelines for salaries and times worked. And human resources management has to guarantee all personnel whether United States residents or non-United States mindful of any material may possibly be related (United States Department of Labor, 2011). According to the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 states it is unlawful to differentiate a capable individual with a disability. The law states it is prohibited to react against an individual since the individual complained about injustice, filed an allegation of discrimination, or take part in discrimination complaint. It expects that employers fairly provide the known physical or mental restrictions of an otherwise capable individual with a disability who is an applicant or employee, unless doing so would force an undue difficulty on the process of the employers business. The employees of Department of Homeland Security work diligently to preserve the well-being and safety of the United States. They work with municipalities, people, and countries to support them plan for and pull through from emergencies. They evaluate dozens of virtual security statements, and portions of intelligence, continuing continuous communication with specialists all through the country to defend the United States most important buildings and resources. With the legislation of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, Department Homeland Security Secretary Tom Ridge made a commitment that the new human resources system would be the result of a cooperative and comprehensive process involving supervisors, employees, labor organizations, and a expansive group of participants and specialists from the Federal division and private organization in order to deliver the greatest procedures possible for the employees of Homeland Security. The final guidelines administer to the new human resources for Department Homeland Security is evidence to that commitment The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission defends all employees working inside a corporation against discrimination regarding age, disability, sex, national origin, color or race. The human resources organization has to stay in agreement by making sure that all supervisors are extremely capable to properly relate with employees in the process of hiring, training, advancing, and dismissing. This law is enforced by a federal agency, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). This law is laid out into three segments that consist of e sexual harassment, affirmative action, and equal opportunity. These three different segments have a huge influence on the human resources division, and the employment process and this department must follow the law. These equal opportunity regulations will guarantee an employee is given an equal opportunity while submitting an application or resume for a position at an organization regardless of race, age, or gender. When looking at affirmative action this process allows an organization to hire individuals which fit in to a certain group of individuals. The sexual harassment process is put into the work environment to guarantee employees both women and men are secured under both federal and state law, sexual harassment can be verbal, physical or both, this type of harassment cannot only affect an employee’s work environment, but more importantly that person emotional well-being. Sexual harassment can make an employee feel uncomfortable coming to work, prevents them from focusing on their tasks work, and they can take that emotional stress home with them. The Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 law makes it unlawful to discriminate against any individual basis on race, color, religion, national origin, or sex. It also makes it unlawful to react hostile to an individual because the individual protested about discrimination, filed a charge of discrimination, or participated in a discrimination lawsuit (U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2011). This law also states that supervisors reasonably provide candidates and employees time to hold religious customs, except if doing so would inflict an unnecessary stress on the owners organization. This also goes for the federal government and employment services, and labor establishments, also need to acknowledge the law. The majority of discrimination lawsuits claim a violation of this law. In regards to the statement that, â€Å"Common sense and compassion in the workplace has been replaced by litigation. † I look up the definition and it stated that Common sense is sound practical judgment derived from experience rather than study. And compassion is sympathy for the suffering of others, often including a desire to help (Encarta 1999). Guidelines and procedures are put in place to defend employees and employers. Nevertheless, not all procedures and guideline are for every employee or employer. Every situation is different and has to be approach differently; no two people are the same. A human resources manager has to be able to look at these different situations and make a choice that’s good for the organization employees. Making the right decisions protect the organization from lawsuits. The distress of upsetting employees or possible ligation has caused human resources departments to outline guidelines and procedures.

Celebrity Endorsement And Its Impact On Sales

Celebrity Endorsement And Its Impact On Sales Results show that celebrity endorsement has a large impact on purchase intention and is infact a causal factor based on the data obtained through this research. All three factors are said to positively affect purchase intention and the results are magnified when all three factors are present. It is seen that the most significant impact is that of physical attractiveness if taken in isolation and the most significant impact is that of celebrity / brand congruence when all three factors are taken into account. What this means is that without physical attractiveness, the impact of the other two factors is negated (in the absence of physical attractiveness, purchase intention will not increase) but the presence of physical attractiveness alone does not have a significant impact on purchase intention. Thus physical attractiveness is an important first step but it is not the most important reason for increase in purchase intention. That belongs to brand / celebrity congruence, which is consistent with previous studies on the subject matter: Choose celebrities which have a good image fit with the brand, otherwise the impact of the celebrity endorsement is minimal. The author concludes by stating that all three are important factors in making an impact on purchase intention through advertisement and thus when choosing a celebrity endorser, all three factors must be taken into account. Celebrity Endorsement and its Impact on Sales Jain (2011) proposes that the increase in celebrity endorsement in the subcontinent in recent years, despite the rising costs is due to the increase in media coverage in the area and the increase in hero worship as well. This has been outlined as the major reasons for increase in persuasiveness of celebrities, which in turn has resulted in an increase in their demand by corporations to endorse their respective brands. The research documents the impact of celebrity endorsement with a focus on the subcontinent, making it pertinent to this study. It is queried as to whether the relationship is always positive or whether there can be negative consequences as well. It is noted that for most brands, the focus has shifted from creating awareness and bringing attention towards their brands to a more contemporary approach, which is to create positive associations within the minds of the consumers and to capture a share of mind, share of heart, share of wallet and share of spirit. This is the essence of branding in todays world and as such, all marketing and advertising actions that are conducted are done so with this end goal in mind. The study researches the idea that celebrity endorsement leads to fulfillment of such goals or are they successful only in capturing the attention of the consumer and creating awareness without moving the consumer to the next stage. Celebrities are thought of as a link between the brand and the consumer and help to ease the process of purchase intention and thus it is imperative that the best celebrity be chosen, the one that is right for the brand and has the potential to create the maximum impact on sales as well as brand equity. As pointed out by other studies, endorsement helps brands to deal with clutter and that is the major reason to use celebrities, instead of everyday men and women in advertisement. One of the major decision criteria which helps corporations choose a celebrity is known as the Q-Rating. This Q rating helps brands to select a celebrity based on the rating that they have with the consumers. This rating is derived, based on a number of criteria but essentially boils down to two: who known is the celebrity and how liked is the celebrity. These two criteria form the backbone of the Q Rating system that helps corporations choose which celebrity is the best fit for their brand. The impact of celebrity endorsement is said to be based on 10 criteria, with the greater the score of the celebrity in each criteria, the greater the impact on sales and purchase intention. Celebrity / Target Market Match: How strongly target market associates itself with the celebrity in question. Celebrity Values: The link between the values of the celebrity and the values of the target audience, thus creating a link for the consumers with the brand. Cost of Celebrity: The cost of the celebrity is generally an indication of the popularity of the celebrity and the higher the cost, the higher the popularity, thus the greater the chance of the celebrity persuading consumers. However the cost should always be compared to the added benefit and the go ahead should only be given if its established that there is sufficient benefit from the increase in cost. Regional Appeal: Different regions may have different appeals within a country and if a product is to be sold throughout the country, it is best to choose a celebrity with relative universal appeal. Celebrity Product Match: The celebrity should be seen as having an image fit with the brand itself, as it is one of the key factors when trying to increase sales. Celebrity Controversy Risk: The greater the chances that the celebrity may be involved in controversy, the lesser the chances that he or she would have a positive long term impact on sales and thus should be avoided. Popularity: The greater the popularity, the greater the chances of brand recall and thus they have a high cost. It should be noted that in order to save cost, popularity should not be forgone. Availability: The best celebrities may not be available due to other endorsement commitments or there is a conflict of interest due to them endorsing a rival brand. In such a case, it is best to move on and choose the next best alternative. Attractiveness: Attractiveness helps celebrities be more likeable and to connect more with the target market and as such this is an important attribute to look for in a celebrity. Credibility: This helps the consumers to trust what the celebrity is saying and to pay more attention to him or her and what he or she is endorsing. This research is important as it looks at the factors within the partnership of a celebrity and a corporation and how they increase or decrease their impact on the impact of celebrity endorsement on sales and as such helps to decide how and when celebrities should be chosen as endorsers. Impact of celebrity Endorsement on Overall Brand In order to select a celebrity for a given product, there should be an optimal match between celebrity and brand image. Here are some parameters which should be considered: (Katyal, 2010): Celebritys personal character is not controversial Personal character fits with the image of the product / brand Cost of hiring the celebrity is worth the output Is there any controversy risk attached after the ad campaigns launched Celebritys popularity Is the celebritys appeal local or regional and does it fit with the appeal of the product in terms of region Celebritys overall credibility Is the celebrity him or herself a brand user? What is celebrity profession? Does it matches to have a natural match to the product and appeal to the consumers. For example, celebrity figure from sport is natural to promote sports related stuff and footwear. What values celebrity is associated with the product? If a celebrity is put in a role to propagate the human service cause does he/she be social worker or figure. Does target audience want to believe in the celebrity for the target product to be advertised or message to be conveyed. After advent of television, cable television, and internet, advertisement industry got revolutionized. New trends and format were introduced for rapid and technical way to impress the public and numerous items, products and services became the household names. Television though invented in 1920s became commercial medium in 1950s. This happen when a price of the television sets began to approach affordable range of average person. Print and Radio had to take back seat to give a way to the new technologies. Now the commercials could be broadcasted with sight, sound, and motion. First time in the history advertisers saw huge potential of multimedia technologies which could give higher gains in sales and profits provided right tools and ideas were selected. Cable television channel introduced channels like MTV for young music lovers, ESPN for sports enthusiasts and Food Networks for people with love of cooking. These new channels were attractive and fun for advertisers who wish to target certain audience for example; entertainment, sports, or food (Sample, 2010). Celebrities in Advertising Personal in marketing have used celebrities in commercials, print campaigns and promotions and other seller techniques for years. It has worked in the past because it was executed properly. However, use of celebrities to grab viewers attention to eventually make sales depends on proper celebrity casting. The right selection of star to pitch the product will mean that the buyers can relate to that person the person a buyer would want to believe in. It is not as simple as you think it is because in many cases the right celebrity is not always affordable. On the flip side, the right celebrity is not always the most expensive one either. Above all else, the most important resides in considering whether the celebrity you select is right for your campaign and take the process from there. Another key factors that one must take into account is the fact that advertisers should understand the basic premise of hiring the celebrity and making it clear to him what is required and the nature of the exact role of the celebrity. If this is successful, companies may retain the celebrity for other products of their brand, making the celebrity more of a brand ambassador than a product endorser. Celebrities can be seen as a marketing vehicle that will likely to continue in the near future. As long as there are new stars being introduced into our entertainment arenas there will be no shortage of talent to fill the need. Though, doing the selection and positioning right is the biggest challenge but if done correctly it can translate into better response and higher sales volume. The equity effect of endorsement by celebrities: A conceptual framework The purpose of this study was create a framework which may be later used to organize and guide future research into how celebrity product endorsement creates equity for both the endorsed product-brand and the endorsing celebrity. The focus of Diana Senos study was how the celebrity as well as the brand could serve to increase equity for each other, essentially feeding off each others image to mutually benefit each other. It looked at the relationship between the endorser and the company and how a strategic fit could be achieved by utilizing the best fit of celebrity for the product to be endorsed. The central findings of the research state that celebrity endorsement is a form of co-branding and that both endorser image and brand image serve as mediators in the equity-creation process of celebrity product endorsement. Mobile brands connect with Pakistan Umair Naeem examines the relationship and industry effects of celebrity endorsement on the telecommunications sector. Umair states how the increase in competition has led cellular service providers to resort to differentiating their brands less on the basis of functionality and features and increasingly on the basis of emotional appeal and a certain message that is sent across. Celebrity endorsements are heavily used to drive home the emotional appeal and to personify the message that is being sent across. Using Mobilink as an example he states, Mobilinks sub-brand Indigo relied heavily on two factors toward establishing its brand equity: brand ambassadors that exuded style and sophistication, and a unique classy look that permeate all forms of its Indigo brand communication. Indigo used models such as Zainab Qayum, movie stars like Shaan, and popular musicians such as Strings to infuse style into its branding. It also played on the aspirations of young business professionals through the atmosphere and the locales of Indigos ads. He believes celebrity endorsement is currently necessary to differentiate the brands which are increasingly similar in features and thus celebrities help to personify the brands qualities. The naked truth of celebrity endorsement This research was conducted to understand how celebrity endorsement worked for retail outlets and retail stores in general, with a focus on Europes leading chain, J. Sainsbury. Thus The focus of the study is on using celebrity endorsements for retail outlets. Its emphasis is on fit between celebrity image and brand image. Specific cases are analyzed to evaluate the extent to which consumers associate themselves with the image that the given celebrity projects and how that, in turn affects their purchase behavior Sainsburys started using Jamie Oliver (a high profile television chef) for their advertisement campaign, who served to promote the companys grocery products. He was chosen as he was seen as the best fit for their brand. The case itself identifies the criteria that made the endorsement successful by conducting questionnaires, interviews, and focus group studies. It outlines the key elements along with how they were used in the campaign to create a sense of confidence amongst the consumers and thus creating a successful campaign. The overall extent to which the consumers associate themselves with the celebrity and his words is dissected. Impact of celebrity Endorsement on overall brand Endorsements are seen to be on the rise entailing a valid question posed to consumers. Is there a science behind the choice of the endorsers or is it just by the popularity measurement? Which precise reasons lead to impact on brands by using celebrity endorsement? A thorough study of the paper streamlined a 14 point model which can be referred to as a blueprint criterion by brand managers for capitalizing on the celebrity resource through 360 degree brand communication and can also be used in selection of celebrities. The model was projected as the foundation brick on the impact of celebrity endorsement in paper. Our study revealed that 14 factors of the model and the effects of celebrity endorsement are proportional. Success of a brand is determined through celebrity endorsement which is accumulative of the following 14 attributes. If the below parameters score is higher, the chances of getting close to the desired impact are greater. The winner stories of celebrity endorsement are promotions which reflect a fine fit between the brand and the 360 degree advertising. And a decent example of one such story is of Fardeen Khan and Provogue. In the apparel market, Provogues positioning is of a young, active, party-going, attention-grabbing brand and so is Fardeen Khan. The union between the two has had a massive impact and brand managers have utilized this endorsement through 360 degree dimension as noted earlier. Moreover, the marketing/advertising firms should identify the symbolic properties of the sought after product first, as also proposed by the transfer model. Thereafter, consultation of host celebrities is appropriate to assure their similar traits with the product. Finally, after sorting out budget and availability constraints, the suitable celebrity has to be chosen as a representation of symbolic brand properties. The chosen celebrity will have some meanings associated with him/her which will not be suitable for the product. Consequently, only salient features excluding unwanted meanings should be captured and taken care of.Also, advertisements should also be structured in way to highlight the essential similarities between celebrity and the product. When it comes to subtlety, depth and power in delivering meanings celebrities are much nuanced compared to anonymous models. Celebrities also offer demographic information, configurations of range of personality and lifestyle meanings very thoroughly. Their persona evokes meanings with greater clarity. Furthermore, celebrities through repeated performance on public stage create their personalized meanings which can be passed into advertisements, through meaning transfer process. For instance Preity Zinta is perceived as a fun-loving, vivacious and modern Indian woman who can be translated into brand campaign with similar characteristics. In conclusion, the fit between celebrity traits and brand positions and its attributes determine the success. Celebrity endorsements Marketers need to be aware of the impact of using celebrities in commercials, promotions and print campaigns because it works if done properly. If business are about to make an effective advertisement, it must be attention-grabbing to its consumers and therefore most of them uses celebrities as endorsers. According to the article of Katyal S. (2008), celebrities serves the purpose of getting viewers attention; but proper choice of celebrity determines whether it translates into a sale and product image is delivered precisely. Selecting the right star to enhance the image of your product means finding the person to whom your consumers can relate to, meaning the person your consumer wants to believe in. Sometimes the selection of the right star for your product is not that daunting, until you realise that in many cases affordability is in question with the right celebrity. Essentially due to familiarity with stars, brands are normally endorsed by celebrities who make them enormously attractive to consumers. But anyone who thinks seriously about branding soon realises that there are basically two kinds of strong brands: those that are focused and those that are diversified. Significance of branding with celebrity endorsements is complicated to estimate in the present cluttered media industry and consumer markets. Electronic media branding including television will be of continuing interest and importance even with its idiosyncrasies in consumer payment and brand definition. There are three explanatory reasons for this; firstly a strong brand identity is crucial to producing audiences in a multichannel environment which is an environment that is becoming more and more crowded as television converts to digital delivery. Perhaps it is the only means of gaining a place in a viewers/ users channel repertoire. Secondly, brands are important for businesses to expand its markets. Extensions of brand marry an established brand to a new service as a means of establishing immediate market credibility. Besides that the third aspect explains, branding with the use of celebrities in which it is necessary to leverage corporate assets in order to open new markets. These markets may be related to the present business of a branded entity (e.g., ESPN Magazine, CBS Sportsline website), or if not separate they may be unrelated (e.g., logo apparel and other merchandise, Fox Sports restaurant/bars). With the traditional advertiser supported model of television under increasing pressure, television providers, and especially broadcasters, are constantly looking for new revenue streams to continue enhancing brand image and generate sales extensively. All in all, the power of an endorsement by a celebrity depends on the relevance of the celebrity to the product. For example, if Oprah was promoting a book about an issue particularly relevant to women then she is most likely to be effective. A famous chef can endorse a cook book or a famous fitness celebrity can certify an exercise book. If the buyer believes that the celebrity brings an unusual insight or twist, they would be more interested. In the case of skin whitening products, Lucida-ds and [Met] Tathione should carefully assess their endorsers to avoid business campaign failure in terms wrong brand perceptions and ultimate sale drop. Therefore, it is important to consider the conformity of the product and the alignment of both celebrity and brand attribute to be a market winner. Chapter V: Research Study Design Research Objectives Objectives to be analysed should be crisp and clear in order to observe the effectiveness of the decision for celebrity endorsement. Apart from the economic interests of celebrity endorsements (e.g. rise in total revenue/market share), it involves several psychological objectives. Such as an increased knowledge of the brand name, a more clear representation of brand/product characteristics by consumers, enriched attitude towards the ad, towards the brand and lastly, increased purchase intentions. Celebrity endorsement attributes that increase consumer purchase intention Celebrity attributes that are of most importance when analyzing effectiveness of endorsement Impact of celebrity attributes on brand positioning Effects of multiple celebrity endorsement on brand image Effects of celebrity endorsement on brand equity Factors that affect the consumers willingness to purchase a product or service when endorsed by a celebrity? Research Question: What celebrity attributes affect purchase behavior of Lowe Raufs clients? Hypothesis Celebrity endorsement has a significant / insignificant impact on consumer purchase behavior H0= Celebrity endorsement does not have a significant impact on consumer purchase behavior H1= Celebrity endorsement has a significant impact on consumer purchase behavior. Theoretical Framework The theoretical framework has been designed based on the literature review on studies based on this topic. It has been identified through these studies that the following variables combine to form the essence of celebrity endorsement and together, they affect purchase intention. [Source: Chabo Dimed et. al (2005). Celebrity endorsement-Hidden factors to success, Journal of Advertising pp. 298-301] Relevant Variables Variable Article Constitutive definition Operational Definition Attractiveness (Independent) Celebrity endorsements- Hidden factors to success The likeability of the celebrity associated with a product or service with regard to the glamour of the celebrity. Q 17, 18, 19, 20 21 Purchase Intention (Dependent) Impact of Celebrity Endorsement on Consumer Buying Behavior and Brand Building The ways in which a consumer interacts in accordance with the advertisement strategies run by a company for its product or service. Q12, 13 15 Brand celebrity Fit (Independent) Impact of celebrity endorsements on brands It explains how closely the personality and image of the celebrity matches the positioning of brand. Q 26, 27 ,28 29 Brand Recall (Independent) Advertisement and Promotion It explains how the consumer recognizes the brand with the celebrity who endorses the product or service. Q7, 8, 9, 10 11 Likeability (Independent) Impact of celebrity advertisement on customers brand perception It explains how the charm or glamour of the celebrity affects the sales of the brand. Q 24 25 Trustworthiness (Independent) Celebrity endorsements- Hidden factors to success The celebritys history with the consumers develops a level of trust between the two parties and this is what trustworthiness explains here. Q 22 23 [Source: Chabo Dimed et. al (2005). Celebrity endorsement-Hidden factors to success, Journal of Advertising pp. 298-301] Research Methodology This section outlines and elaborates on the research and how it was conducted. It covers the details of the research design, methodology for collecting the data, population, questionnaire development and data analysis. The aim of the paper is to figure out how celebrity or endorsements affect brands. The basic idea is to equip ourselves with additional research on the phenomenon of consumer response with respect to celebrity endorsed brands; this makes the research a basic research. Since the objective is to find how celebrity endorsements affect brands, this research is termed causal in nature. Data Type The bulk of this study revolves around quantitative data due to the fact that there is greater chance of bias in qualitative data as well as the fact that that numeric data is easier to analyze and understand. Data may be clearly measured and hence this serves as the major portion of the analysis. Quantitative data has been obtained through questionnaires, filled up by employees of Lowe Rauf as well as the final consumers so that both perspectives are covered. Qualitative data is in the form of interviews, two of which are conducted; one with the GM of the Lahore division and another, a joint interview with the account managers of Nestle and Mitchells. Population The study is based on understanding how consumers purchase intention is affected in the wake of celebrity endorsement. Since the study is limited to Lahore, the overall population sample would be equal users in Lahore, which equates to 4,695,600 (based on local census). Sampling Procedure Convenience, non-probability sampling is used for the questionnaire, based on the ease of access and availability of resources for the researcher. The final sample for the questionnaire consists of 30 users (16 male, 14 female) with varying ages, income brackets and occupations. For the interview, as stated, Anwar Kabir (GM Lahore branch) and the two account managers (Haris Habib and Zakria Fawad) are interviewed, based on convenience as well as relevant experience, working within the industry and actually hiring celebrities. Sampling Frame For the purpose of this research, the list of elements upon which the sample is selected from the population includes the fact that they should be easily accessible to the researcher (as convenience sampling is used). The other element of is that at least 50% of the sample should fall into the SEC B income bracket. This is because research shows this class to be the most frequent users of these products. For the interview, the major element (apart from convenience) is that the persons should be experienced in terms of the celebrity endorsement process and must have actually worked on campaigns to select celebrities based on different factors. Data Collection Procedure This research is based on the primary data collection approach. Questionnaires are used for collecting data. Personally administered questionnaires have been used. They were distributed to a total of 30 people of different ages, occupation and income; requiring them to fill a total of 30 questions each. Once the questionnaires were filled they were collected. The anonymity and confidentiality of the respondents and their responses has been ensured and data was analyzed at an aggregate level only. Close ended questions are used in the questionnaire which helps the respondents to make quick decisions to choose among the several alternative before them (Sekaran, 2000). The nature of the questionnaire has also helped the researcher to code the information easily for subsequent analysis. Likert-style rating scale was used; it consists of subsequent options: strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, and strongly disagree. Different statements were made in the questions and respondents were asked the degree as to what they agree or disagree upon. Questionnaire Development The questionnaire itself was kept simple and basic to ensure clarity and reduce bias. The purpose was to gather data from the selected population sample with regards to the topic. The questionnaire consisted of two parts, the first section contained six questions seeking information about the respondents age, gender, income, marital status, education and occupation. The second section contained questions that were based on information regarding the variables identified in the first chapter, this section itself consisting of five sub-sections; brand recognition and recall, purchase intention, endorser credibility and trustworthiness, endorser attractiveness likeability and image fit. The information attained would be used to analyze the findings and further the study. [Questionnaire attached in Appendix 1] Respondent Profile Data collection from the questionnaires shows that the respondent is a single 18-28 year male student with an income of 30,000-40,000. The other type of respondent is an 18-28 year old housewife with kids and income of 30,000-40,000. [Graphical representations of respondent demographics in Appendix 2] Data Analysis Procedure Once all the data is compiled, it is transferred to SPSS. This is done to understand how purchase intention is affected by the variables outlined in the theoretical framework. Values in the questionnaire are changed to numeric form so that data is quantified. Questions with the Likert-scale rating are given numeric forms, with 1 representing strongly disagree to 5 representing strongly agree. Using this method, the data is input into the software and a regression model is created, along with descriptive statistics and frequency tables. Chapter VI: Results Findings Interview Findings There were two interviews conducted within the Lowe Rauf agency, the first was with the general manager, Anwar Kabir and the second was with Zakria Fawad, the account service maanger. The interviews revealed that it is necessary to prioritize the needs of the firm as well as the agency in light of the budget allotted to the advertisement itself and the portion of the budget available to hire a spokesperson. Since the ideal spokesperson may not be within budget or may not be available due to other reasons, it is imperative that the importance of the key celebrity endorsers attributes be ranked and measured in terms of the impact on purchase intention of the relevant consumer. There were five key attributes that were thought to be important by the Lowe Rauf management, which were: attractiveness, likability, brand fit, trust worthiness and recognition. The order of their importance however is very subjective and it is believed that a more objective means to rank these and other relevant variables, would serve to make better and more informed judgments as to the importance of each variable as per the needs of the client. Hence it becomes important to conduct a regression analysis and quantify the impact of each variable on the purchase intention of consumers within the target customer category. Purchase intention = 0.0461095 + 0.353232* brand recognition and recall + 0.351173* trustworthiness + 0.133718* attractiveness 0.0495677* image fit + 0.21128* likeability The model tested has a coefficient of determina

george washington :: essays research papers

On April 30, 1789, George Washington, standing on the balcony of Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York, took his oath of office as the first President of the United States. "As the first of every thing, in our situation will serve to establish a Precedent," he wrote James Madison, "it is devoutly wished on my part, that these precedents may be fixed on true principles." Born in 1732 into a Virginia planter family, he learned the morals, manners, and body of knowledge requisite for an 18th century Virginia gentleman. He pursued two intertwined interests: military arts and western expansion. At 16 he helped survey Shenandoah lands for Thomas, Lord Fairfax. Commissioned a lieutenant colonel in 1754, he fought the first skirmishes of what grew into the French and Indian War. The next year, as an aide to Gen. Edward Braddock, he escaped injury although four bullets ripped his coat and two horses were shot from under him. From 1759 to the outbreak of the American Revolution, Washington managed his lands around Mount Vernon and served in the Virginia House of Burgesses. Married to a widow, Martha Dandridge Custis, he devoted himself to a busy and happy life. But like his fellow planters, Washington felt himself exploited by British merchants and hampered by British regulations. As the quarrel with the mother country grew acute, he moderately but firmly voiced his resistance to the restrictions. When the Second Continental Congress assembled in Philadelphia in May 1775, Washington, one of the Virginia delegates, was elected Commander in Chief of the Continental Army. On July 3, 1775, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, he took command of his ill-trained troops and embarked upon a war that was to last six grueling years. He realized early that the best strategy was to harass the British. He reported to Congress, "we should on all Occasions avoid a general Action, or put anything to the Risque, unless compelled by a necessity, into which we ought never to be drawn." Ensuing battles saw him fall back slowly, then strike unexpectedly. Finally in 1781 with the aid of French allies--he forced the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown. Washington longed to retire to his fields at Mount Vernon. But he soon realized that the Nation under its Articles of Confederation was not functioning well, so he became a prime mover in the steps leading to the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia in 1787.

Trade Law Essay -- International Law

Part 1: Critically assess the argument that electronic bills of lading are better and more effective than paper bills of lading. This essay will answer the first part of the question by at first introducing bills of lading, their history and features and then explain what electronic bills of lading are. Bills of lading originated as a result of Mediterranean trading during the 11th or 12th century AD when records of the goods loaded (where the word ‘lading’ comes from) on to ships over long distances were kept. During the early part of the 20th century rules were drawn up by the International Law Association called the Hague Rules that aimed at regulating the obligations and the liabilities of those carrying the goods by sea. A bill of lading documents the type, destination and quantity of the good being transported and also serves as a receipt of shipment when the goods reach their destination. Being a legal document between the carrier and the shipper, which must be signed by both and also signed by the recipient, a bill of lading can be treated as evidence under many different laws as it is a document of title. Due to it being a document of title the shipment will be incomplete without the documentation; therefore it cannot be passed on to the correct party when the goods are presented at the port of destination stipulated in the ocean bill of lading. Bills of lading are usually made in three original pieces or parts which are sent off to the consignee by mail, another is sent off to with the goods and the last is retained by the shipper. Sometimes the master of the ship retains a copy for their own personal reference. An example copy of a bill of lading may be seen in appendix one, at the end of this essay. Two ex... ...hnology Law, 17(2), 125-149. Livermore, J. (2006). Electronic bills of lading. Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, 28(1), 455-59. Nilson, k. (1995). Electronic bills of lading — planning for areas of risk. Journal of Financial Crime, 2(4), 311-316. Scrutton, T. E. (2009). Charterparties and Bills of Lading. London: BiblioBazaar. UNCTAD. (2004). UNCTAD Survey Reveals Why Paper B/Ls Still Rule. Managing Exports, 2004(8), 1-14. Wang, F. F. (2010). Law of Electronic Commercial Transactions: Contemporary Issues in the EU, US and China (Routledge Research in Information Technology and E-commerce Law). Routledge. Yiannopoulos, A. (1995). Ocean Bills of Lading: Traditional Forms, Substitutes, and EDI Systems. The Hague: Kluwer law International. Zekos, G. I. (1999). EDI and the contractual role of computerised (electronic) bills of lading. Managerial Law, 41, 1-34. Trade Law Essay -- International Law Part 1: Critically assess the argument that electronic bills of lading are better and more effective than paper bills of lading. This essay will answer the first part of the question by at first introducing bills of lading, their history and features and then explain what electronic bills of lading are. Bills of lading originated as a result of Mediterranean trading during the 11th or 12th century AD when records of the goods loaded (where the word ‘lading’ comes from) on to ships over long distances were kept. During the early part of the 20th century rules were drawn up by the International Law Association called the Hague Rules that aimed at regulating the obligations and the liabilities of those carrying the goods by sea. A bill of lading documents the type, destination and quantity of the good being transported and also serves as a receipt of shipment when the goods reach their destination. Being a legal document between the carrier and the shipper, which must be signed by both and also signed by the recipient, a bill of lading can be treated as evidence under many different laws as it is a document of title. Due to it being a document of title the shipment will be incomplete without the documentation; therefore it cannot be passed on to the correct party when the goods are presented at the port of destination stipulated in the ocean bill of lading. Bills of lading are usually made in three original pieces or parts which are sent off to the consignee by mail, another is sent off to with the goods and the last is retained by the shipper. Sometimes the master of the ship retains a copy for their own personal reference. An example copy of a bill of lading may be seen in appendix one, at the end of this essay. Two ex... ...hnology Law, 17(2), 125-149. Livermore, J. (2006). Electronic bills of lading. Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, 28(1), 455-59. Nilson, k. (1995). Electronic bills of lading — planning for areas of risk. Journal of Financial Crime, 2(4), 311-316. Scrutton, T. E. (2009). Charterparties and Bills of Lading. London: BiblioBazaar. UNCTAD. (2004). UNCTAD Survey Reveals Why Paper B/Ls Still Rule. Managing Exports, 2004(8), 1-14. Wang, F. F. (2010). Law of Electronic Commercial Transactions: Contemporary Issues in the EU, US and China (Routledge Research in Information Technology and E-commerce Law). Routledge. Yiannopoulos, A. (1995). Ocean Bills of Lading: Traditional Forms, Substitutes, and EDI Systems. The Hague: Kluwer law International. Zekos, G. I. (1999). EDI and the contractual role of computerised (electronic) bills of lading. Managerial Law, 41, 1-34.

Adam De La Halle And Ars Antiqua Time Period :: essays research papers

Adam De La Halle and Ars Antiqua Time Period Life Summary Adam de la Halle is often referred to as the greatest of the long succession of post Medieval musicians. He was a poet, musician and innovator of the earliest French theater. He became famous for his use of polyphony and his theatrical productions. Adam originally trained for the clergy (the people of the church). Marriage interfered with his musical career; but with the help of some noble benefactors he was able to pursue musical studies at the University of Paris. The remainder of his life was spent in service of noble patrons. His Music Adam de la Halle was of French origins. All of his lyrics were written in French. Much of his early music was monophonic which shortly after became homophonic and then transformed into polyphonic. Much of his polyphonic work was set for 3 voices or instruments. If a piece of music is monophonic, then it has only a melody line and no harmony. Much of the medieval music was monophonic. If the music is homophonic then there is only one melody line, but it may be played by two or more instruments. Many of the songs that were originally monophonic were easily transformed into homophonic by add extra voices or instruments. Polyphonic is the type of music we hear today. Polyphonic is when there is a melody line accompanied by harmony. A considerable amount of Adam de la Halle's polyphonic work was designed for plays. One of Adam's manuscripts contains the oldest known existence of the sharp sign. In 1872 his music was officially published. Ars Antiqua Time Period Ars Antiqua is Medieval Latin for "ancient art". Ars Antiqua was the period of musical activity in 13th century France. The music was characterized by the increasing sophistication of counterpoint (the art of combining simultaneous voice parts). Modern music historians classify the whole 13th century as Ars Antiqua where as older historians classified only the later half of the 13th century as Ars Antiqua. This was the time period when music started to become more formal. In this time period, musical plays were just becoming popular and in 1283 one of the first operas was performed. Most of the music of the Ars Antiqua time period is anonymous. Two important figures stand out among the anonymity. PÃ ©rotin, who became famous in the late 12th century, composed the earliest known music for four voices. Franco of Cologne, who flourished in the middle of the 13th century, was a theorist who organized a new, more precise system of rhythmic notation, the direct ancestor

Mexican American Essay

The Mexican American experience has been one of adversity, and endurance. The plight of these native people has been ignored, and many times erased from the American conscience. They have struggled for acknowledgement, fought for equality and have gone to battle for respect. This population has been victimized, and driven to the ground by the powerful grip of American society. Efforts were repeatedly made to shape Mexicans into what others perceived them to be. The language they should speak, the things they should learn, and the way they should live, were decisions they were unable to control. This lack of power allowed the U.S. to take advantage of Mexican rights, labor and land. In addition, this produced a loss of Mexican identity and culture. Several thousand agricultural workers migrated to the U.S. in the early twentieth century. The majority of these persons were Mexicans that found work on farms, where white owners welcomed their cheap labor. Growers minimized local opposition to Mexican immigration by promising that the Mexicans would return to Mexico, following picking season. This broken promise enabled the growth of systematic oppression toward incoming Mexicans. By migrating to the U.S., they hoped to find more prosperous means of living. The Bracero Program was implemented as a tool for Mexicans to migrate and work in the U.S. The Bracero Program offered a dramatic solution for Mexicans to work through visas in the U.S. This program offered thousands of workers the opportunity to work on farms, and get paid. Unfortunately, it had its failings. Basically the program was a way for the American employers to exploit Mexican workers, and pay them very small wages. Race became the main justification for discrimination and subordination of Mexicans. On a social side; class, race, and gender are the means by which people are set apart. Mexican identities became lumped together, and were referred to as the bottom of the barrel, in the Anglo American eyes. This culture is viewed as a rejection of assimilation. In current debates over the increasing unemployment rates, Americans seek to use Mexicans as scapegoats. This is often due to the number of Mexicans that migrated to the U.S., and are willing to preform manual labor for minimal payment. These Mexicans have been exploited by imperialism and globalization. It is this exploitation that brings about migration and changes to their culture and identity. In the United States, we live in a society that proclaims equality, free of discrimination, opportunity, liberty and freedom to all its citizens. However, that is only a faà §ade. Reality is the gentrified urban areas, neglect and ignorance of the presence of racial and gender inequalities that saturate society. Social stratification impeded racial relations in the U.S. far more than any other racial differences. Minorities experience the majority of wealth in the hands of the white population. Whites refer to government programs for minorities as a handout, or minorities being lazy. For many decades people have been using race as a way to classify humans into different social categories. Unfortunately, Mexicans have been placed in the underclass category. This is due to their financial income, occupations, and legal right to be in the U.S. Regrettable, Mexican Americans are viewed as inferior, and seem to be at the bottom of the social hierarchy.

American Literature and Research

Society affects the lives of people who live in it. It dictates how they should behave and establishes norms that are expected to be obeyed otherwise people who do not fulfill the expectations are considered as deviant, rebellious and society’s outcasts. Society, however, is susceptible to change, as it is highly shaped by the events and its resulting pervasive ideas, occurring in certain periods of time.The three stories, â€Å"The Vanishing American Hobo† by Jack Kerouac, â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† by Kurt Vonnegut and â€Å"Soldier’s Home â€Å"by Ernest Hemingway clearly illustrates how society changes and how it affects the people in it and how people attempts to suppress deviance. The story â€Å"Soldier’s Home† is a story of a young man who returns as a changed man to Oklahoma in 1919 after the First World War. This story was first published in 1925. The young soldier Harold â€Å"Krebs† enlisted in the Marines and goes to war f or two years.When he returns home it is very obvious that he is not the same hopeful, slick, religious young man in the picture who goes to a Methodist College and enjoys college lives with fraternity brothers anymore. Now he is passive and refers to himself as not part of the â€Å"Kingdom†. Moreover, it seems he does not want to be involved with life in general, the reason is that,† He did not want consequences †¦. he wanted to live along without consequences,† therefore he withdrew (Hemingway 2007).Around him there is an air and sense of loss, he even has to lose his own war stories as he had to tell lies about his experiences since people in his town decided they have had enough of the stories of atrocities related by the soldiers who came home earlier than him. Moreover, there are so many things that he does not want to take part anymore even courting as it states, â€Å"He did not want to have to do any courting† (Hemingway 2007). It is pretty ob vious that the war had changed Krebs, and the line â€Å"he couldn’t make her see it†, when he comforts his mother after telling her that he does not love her, hinted to the reason (Hemingway 2007).The war had taught him a lot of things including stifling his emotions. And most importantly, he could not explain to his mother what he had gone through in the war, he could not make her understand and see the horror the war has exposed him. But his family, especially his parents, could not see why he has to act that way while the other soldiers in the neighborhood had clearly moved on, having good jobs and getting married, and so they pressured him to go back to the normal society. The First World War brought many countries into a global armed conflict that was considered the first devastating and horrible event in all of human history.People died by the thousands and many suddenly find themselves losing their family and friends. The soldiers, especially, are daily exposed not only to the hardships of war but the terror and anxiety that accompanies it. Trench warfare specifically exposed the soldiers to a very harsh, stagnant and extremely dangerous environment. Right before their eyes skulls and brains were blown away. An example of a horrible incident is when a man who had the top of his head blown away was groaning like an animal for three hours before he died (Hemingway Lecture Notes).Soldiers surrounding him cannot avoid being affected by such painful human torture, as they were helpless to ease his pain. No wonder that an incident like this made many soldiers who return home after the war broken, without hope and suffer emotional numbness and disbelief like Krebs did. According to the Department of Veterans Affairs it is normal that soldiers experiences a kind of trauma (shellshock and post traumatic stress disorder) after the war since it is indeed a very shocking human experience.Soldiers feel somehow dissociated from what they know is  "normal life†. It is possible that the other soldiers like Charley Simmons who easily adjusted to normal life in Oklahoma did not suffer as much as Krebs did. Studies revealed that soldiers do not experience the same kind of trauma as not all of them are exposed to more â€Å"prolonged, extensive, and horrifying† situation as Krebs probably was. However, society put pressure on them by expecting them to move on, to forget the war (â€Å"National Center† 2007).The short story â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† reflects the 1950’s conformity lifestyle and the rebellious protestation of a young boy against it. It was published in 1961. The story describes the hopeful and desperate attempts of that society to eliminate differences and to achieve equality especially in terms of intellect and physical appearance. If any man has above normal average intelligence, they put a metal handicap radio in his ear which in every 20 seconds, a noise from the government transm itter will interrupt his thinking, so that he cannot use his intelligence for his advantage.If a woman is beautiful, a hideous mask covers her face to conceal her beauty. Moreover, people are burdened with sashweights and bags of birdshot to keep them from being graceful in their movements or to reduce their strength. The point is, anything that can make them look as superior from every body else are made into a handicap. They do not want â€Å"to go back to the dark ages again, with everybody competing against everybody else† (Vonnegut 2005).Moreover, the idea of disobeying the law, when Hazel suggested that they made a hole to take out some lead balls from the birdshot canvas bag, was an unthinkable thing for according to George, â€Å" The minute people start cheating on laws, what do you think happens to society†( Vonnegut 2005)? They believe that cheating on laws brings social upheavals that they do not like. The strange thing is that Hazel and George and the peop le around them seem to get used to the idea of conformity, as George states,† I don't notice it any more. It just a part of me† (Vonnegut 2005).However, their son, Harrison, is put into jail and eventually killed for rebelling against it. As the Handicapper General attacked their son on TV, parents of Harrison were not able to help him. Two are several forces that led into the conformity of the 1950†s: the Korean conflict and the threat of communism. But the underlying root cause of it all is the fear of the terrors of war that they previously experienced in the Second World War. Therefore to avoid any conflict, social conformity is encouraged since they believed that conformity is unity.The place of men and women in society were clearly defined: women stay home while the men go out to work and achieve the American dream. This is being depicted by Hazel and George Bergeron: Hazel stays at home while George works. Men are especially drawn to the collective idea of à ¢â‚¬Å"organization man†; they were expected to work in corporations, to put on flannel suits and pursue the American dream. The American dream is like the Handicapper General that dictates the ideas and dreams of the people. Every one is encouraged to think and act alike and was preoccupied with the lure of consumerism and materialism.Conformity are also seen in the sameness of house designs , like the one in Levittown and the sameness of appetite, as Americans began to be obsessed with fast foods. Conformity was especially achieved with the aid of Television. As in the story, all of the action occurred in front of the Television (Costello 2007). However, the young generations are beginning to rebel, as symbolized by Harrison, but the force of conformity was so strong that parents are in bondage to it, unable to extend the necessary psychological and emotional help that their children desperately needed.The â€Å"Vanishing American Hobo† was published in 1960. It tells of the experiences of the hobos as they travels like vagabonds from place to place across America usually with back packs on their backs. They are a people who choose to live as exiles of society, who sleep just anywhere, to experience the freedom that they desire, â€Å"There's nothing nobler than to put up with a few inconveniences like snakes and dust for the sake of absolute freedom† (Kerouac 2008). But freedom from what?Obviously from their restrictive society who dictates what they should do or have. According to Kerouac, the hobo â€Å"is born of pride, having nothing to do with a community but with himself and other hobos and maybe a dog† (Kerouac 2008). This means that they are proud of their lifestyle or subculture, that they deliberately do not want to associate with society and maintain little intimate interest with other people, aside from the hobos like them. The author laments that they are quickly becoming a vanishing lot because of the police and the m edia.The police, riding in their tax-paid police, cars searches for them everywhere suspecting them as possible spies against the government while the media, on the other hand, portray them as â€Å"the rapist, the strangler, and child-eater† so that adults and children stay away from them and no longer provides them with the food that they need (Kerouac 2008). This shows clearly the attempts of the government to suppress the subculture that they symbolizes and to force them back to what is â€Å"normal†.In the wake of the conformity of the 1950’s arises the Beat generation. â€Å"Beat generation† is attributed to Jack Kerouac. Though it could mean being defeated or weary of life â€Å"like being pushed up against the wall† or implying a sense of being used or raw Jack would also like it to refer to what is beatific (The Beat Generation Lecture). Jack and his friends, in ushering in the beat generation, encourages the protest of the 60’s aga inst the established society of materialism, where everyone are encouraged to own cars and decent homes.The generation, having experienced uncertainties of the Depression and the terror of war in childhood, is a disillusioned lot who desperately wants to hold on to something that they can believe in(Beat Generation Lecture Notes; Abieva [no date]). They do not find such meaning in the collective conformity of the 1950’s, the generation of their fathers. In fact, they do not trust this collective society who was responsible for the bad circumstances of depression and global wars.The hobos, particularly, are glorified as people who defy the restrictive and demanding norms of society in pursuit of freedom. They symbolize the solitary desire of that generation, to be left alone, to figure things out for themselves, to search for meaning. As the period was compounded by hysteria of the rise of communism, it seems that the right thing to do in that generation, to preserve ones indi vidual identity, is to quit that society.Attempts were made to discourage this deviance (subculture) as what McCarthy did in his pursuit against communism. The media and police were effective tools for suppression (Abieva, [no date]). The three stories therefore clearly give an insight into the societies in the periods of American history following just after turbulent struggles. The horrors and uncertainties of the Wars and Depression molded the consciousness of the people, and as they try to cope with the challenge of their era, it therefore changed their way of thinking and lifestyle.People become united for certain causes and also united in their sufferings. However, some people do try to get out of its safe mold, to carve a life according to the dictates of their own minds. To be different is what scares most people so that society always attempts to suppress this deviance back to conformity by exerting force or pressure. Works Cited Abieva, Natalia. Protest and Experiment in t he Literature of the Beat Generation. Fairfield University. [no date]. Accessed November 4, 2008 Costello, Mr. Conformity Notes: 1950s Lecture On Society. Canfield Foundation Website. March 2007. Accessed November 4, 2008 < http://servtlc. access-k12. org/ achievement/Fifties_Conformity. htm> Hemingway, Ernest. â€Å"Soldier’s Home†. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 2007. Accessed November 4, 2008 Kerouac , Jack. â€Å"The Vanishing American Hobo†.Cloud Bird Trail Home. 2008. Accessed November 4, 2008 â€Å"National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder â€Å". United States Department of Veterans Affairs. May 2007. Accessed November 4, 2008 Vonnegut, Kurt. â€Å"Harrison Bergeron†. West Valley College. September 2005. Accessed November 4, 2008

Living in a Morally Corrupt Society

Brandi Smithers 18 October 2012 Professor James Essay #1 Final Draft Living in a Morally Corrupt and Market Driven Society Our society is a corrupt one, without a doubt. Built on morals and ethics that have lost prominence and importance, our society and the people who it is composed of have quickly made our market economy something awful that was never intended. A market economy is essentially a harmless, productive way of organizing activity and trade; unfortunately, society has lost sight of the good intentions and has â€Å"drifted from having a market economy to being a market society (Sandel 10).People have let greed for money and for success consume them. No longer is the market a tool for organization. Instead, it is now a way of life. Having the upper-hand in the market, means one is better off. What caused this change in society? Greed. Market triumphalism became the goal of many when they let greed overpower integrity (Sandel 6). Greed is the devil inside the market. It c reates a moral dilemma by causing people to have a desire from market triumphalism so strong that they are â€Å"led to irresponsible risk taking† as means of obtaining what they long for (Sandal 6).People start to question if the morals instilled in their mind can be stretched farther and farther until they become â€Å"morally vacant† (Sandal 13). The market has put a price on things never meant to be associated with a dollar sign such as time and ultimately, our lives. Historically, the need to â€Å"organize the production and distribution of goods† generated the idea of a market economy; though once widely accepted, â€Å"markets†¦ have come to govern our lives as never before† (Sandal 6).In today’s society the market has a negative impact on a majority of adults and a surprising amount of children. It is becoming more and more common to see adults using incentives to motivate children to the right thing. For example, parents and schools often offer cash incentive for good grades (Sandal 51). Not only is it surprising to some that parents pay their children for a good report card, but â€Å"it never occurred to anyone that the school itself might pay for good grades† (Sandal 51).Though some may argue that money incentive for grades â€Å"transforms the culture of schools and the attitudes of students towards school† (Sandal 54) for the better, the children’s desire for cash replaces the traditional and responsible thought that doing good in school meant that one would not only better themselves, but that they would be a productive member of society. The incentives, or bribes, â€Å"bypass persuasion and substitute and external reason for an intrinsic one† (Sandal 59).This shift in mindset not only instills greedy habits in children, but also creates irrational expectations for incentive given when one did nothing above and beyond what should be expected of any child. In essence, parents a nd adults are manipulating a child’s sense of duty and obligation by putting a price on good behavior. The market and the common use of bribery undermine â€Å"obligation and commitment,† which ultimately are â€Å"ideals that can’t be reduced to monetary terms† (Sandal 50).When one hears the word â€Å"greed,† more often than not, money comes to mind; however, money is not the only asset people seek with greedy minds. The concept of time is one part of people’s everyday lives that the market has dramatically manipulated in such a way that time is more valuable than money. Corporations and franchised businesses have noticed this growing trend and they have taken advantage of people’s greed for time. They have found that adding â€Å"fast-track schemes† to their marketing plans adds to their profit margin and also increases customer satisfaction.They stand firm in the belief that â€Å"letting people par for faster service at a irports, at amusement parks, and on highways improves economic efficiency but letting people put a price on their time† (Sandel 20). It is not surprising that the moral importance of equality is thrown under the table by the same people that saw dollar signs when handling the ultimatum of profit vs. equality. For instance, people with excess money are able to jump to the front of the line at amusement parks and they also have to ability to pay extra to sit First-Class on an airplane (Sandal 17-18).Sure, the convenience for the consumer of the â€Å"fast-track schemes† is considerable, but the schemes are extremely â€Å"unfair to those left languishing† waiting patiently for their turn (Sandal 27). Today’s market society has not only added an extreme factor to inequality amongst citizens of society, but yet again, people are letting their morals of fairness slide in order to gain selfish convenience. The market has driven businesses and consumers alike int o forgetting that one of the key factors to coexistence with one another is equality. The arket has made time, once an element of life considered unchangeable, an easily manipulated tool for profit gain and also another reason why people of our society are so morally vacant. Out of all the ways market has driven the people of our society mad by giving priceless aspects of life monetary value, one aspect of life that should never be a part of market economy, is life itself. Project Prevention, founded by Barbra Harris, is a program that offers drug addicted women $300 cash if they will undergo sterilization or long-term birth control (Sandel 43).Offering drug-addicted women money for sterilization is coercive, thus already making it morally wrong (Sandel 45). Not only does the organization use means of coercion for their gain, but the ultimatum that the drug-addicted women are faced with is one that no woman should ever have to encounter. She has to choose whether she wants to have c hildren in the future, or if she is to take the money to satisfy the â€Å"necessity of her situation† (Sandal 45). When â€Å"a drug-addicted woman agrees to be sterilized for money, she is not acting freely† (45).Project Prevention is a perfect example of how today’s free market has labeled our bodies (and the ones yet to be born) are merely â€Å"possessions that we own and can use and dispose of† (Sandal 47). Since the market has stepped over the moral boundaries of viewing humans as possessions, it is clear that â€Å"we need to rethink the role that markets should play in our society† (Sandal 7). Human life is one of the things that money can’t buy. Market economy is a great tool for organization in the way trade is handled, but a tool is what it should be; unfortunately, the market has consumed our society and it is the very air we all breathe.Children are not only submerged in the ideas of a morally corrupt market, but they are being taught how to follow in the footsteps of the morally corrupted. As they develop, the corrupt ideas intensify, and money becomes air. Functionality is impossible in the absence of market. Intangible aspects of life, such as time, form a monetary value, leaving the once innocent child as a money hungry adult. Despite the morals once instilled in that child’s mind, the child finds the ultimate victim to a morally corrupt society: an unborn child. When will he realize that there are some things that money can’t buy?

How positive impacts outweigh negative effects Essays

How positive impacts outweigh negative effects Essays How positive impacts outweigh negative effects Essay How positive impacts outweigh negative effects Essay Traveling from one country to another is one big hit. It may seem appealing to ones desire to explore new horizon, a benefit to its cause; however, the effect may be the other way around. I disagree that Global Tourism may more like be harmful than beneficial. For one thing, Global Tourism empowers a low-income country to become globally competitive. There is an abundance in the countrys economy because of the merging infrastructures like hotels and restaurants to accommodate the tourists. As a domino effect, more Jobs are available not only to college graduates but to jobsharers without a degree. Moreover, transportation and entertainment businesses are rampant to vacationers who wish to see all the top destinations and leisure activities in a particular place. Lastly, this is a green industry, where most scenic places are maintained to preserve its natural environment. This Industry does not only benefit the people but mother earth as well. Albeit, Global tourism poses disadvantages to people in some ways. There Is a greater chance of a permanent loss of traditional culture if locals change ones lifestyle Just so that tourists can better understand them. For Instance, locals learn to speak English fluently, daydreaming ones own, to prevent barrier communication. In addition, vacationers who bring expensive luggages or gadgets are prospect targets of theft, thus crime increases In number. Moreover, these foreigners can also steal things or even Ideas from the country. Some foreigners recycle an Idea and produce It as If It Is their own. From my point of view, the positive effects of Global Tourism far outweigh Its detrimental Impacts. Countries make the most of one another, as well as both natives and foreigners. The future of global tourism Is a promising one that the government may need to devise policies In order to prevent Its negative effects.

Ten Things to Know About North Korea

Ten Things to Know About North Korea The country of North Korea has been in the news frequently in recent years due to its uneasy relationship with the international community. However, few people know much about North Korea. For example, its full name is The Democratic Peoples Republic of North Korea. This article provides facts such as these to give an introduction into the ten most important things about North Korea in an effort to geographically educate readers on the country. 1. The country of North Korea is located on the northern part of the Korean Peninsula which extends the Korea Bay and the Sea of Japan. It is south of China and north of South Korea and occupies roughly 46,540 square miles (120,538 square km) or is slightly smaller than the state of Mississippi. 2. North Korea is separated from South Korea via a ceasefire line that was set along the 38th parallel after the end of the Korean War. It is separated from China by the Yalu River. 3. Terrain in North Korea consists mainly of mountains and hills that are separated by deep, narrow river valleys. The highest peak in North Korea, the volcanic Baekdu Mountain, is found in the northeastern portion of the country at 9,002 feet (2,744 m). Coastal plains are also prominent in the western portion of the country and this area is the main center of agriculture in North Korea. 4. North Koreas climate is temperate with the majority of its rainfall concentrated in the summer. 5. The population of North Korea as of July 2009 was 22,665,345, with a population density of 492.4 persons per square mile (190.1 per sq km) and a median age of 33.5 years. Life expectancy in North Korea is 63.81 years and has fallen in recent years due to famine and lack of medical care. 6. The predominant religions in North Korea are Buddhist and Confucian (51%), traditional beliefs like Shamanism are 25%, while Christians make up 4% of the population and the remaining North Koreans consider themselves as other followers of other religions. In addition, there are government-sponsored religious groups in North Korea. The literacy rate in North Korea is 99%. 7. The capital of North Korea is Pyongyang which is also its largest city. North Korea is a communist state with a single legislative body called the Supreme Peoples Assembly. The country is divided into nine provinces and two municipalities. 8. North Koreas current chief of state is Kim Jong-Il. He has been in that position since July 1994, however, his father, Kim Il-Sung has been named North Koreas eternal president. 9 North Korea gained its independence on August 15, 1945 during the Korean liberation from Japan. On September 9, 1948 the Democratic Peoples Republic of North Korea was established when it became a separate communist country and after the end of the Korean War, North Korea became a closed totalitarian country, focused on self-reliance to limit outside influences. 10. Because North Korea is focused on self-reliance and is closed to outside countries, more than 90% of its economy is controlled by the government and 95% of the goods produced in North Korea are manufactured by state-owned industries. This has caused development and human rights issues to arise in the country. The main crops in North Korea are rice, millet and other grains while industry focuses on the production of military weapons, chemicals, and the mining of minerals like coal, iron ore, graphite and copper. To learn more about North Korea read North Korea - Facts and History on the Asian History GuideSite at About.com and visit the North Korea Geography and Maps page here at Geography at About.com. References Central Intelligence Agency. (2010, April 21). CIA - The World Factbook North Korea. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kn.html Infoplease.com. (n.d.). Korea, North: History, Geography, Government, and Culture - Infoplease.com. Retrieved from: infoplease.com/ipa/A0107686.html Wikipedia. (2010, April 23). North Korea - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea United States Department of State. (2010, March). North Korea (03/10). Retrieved from: state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2792.htm

Be Careful About Careless Writing

Be Careful About Careless Writing Be Careful About Careless Writing Be Careful About Careless Writing By Mark Nichol Just the other day, I received an email from my dear friend Mary Fox, who begged me for assistance from afar. The warning lights came on one by one. In the first paragraph, she apologized for not letting me know about her â€Å"journey to Scotland . . . because it was a short notice from my business associate.† She went on to explain, â€Å"I have lost my wallet and other significant Document.† Then she wrote, â€Å"I will be glad if you can render some help in other to settle the outstanding debt of the hotel and other miscellaneous expenses. Please send the money to the following details of mine.† Mark, you ask me, how could you befriend anyone who is such an atrocious and affected writer? The answer: I can’t. My introductory paragraph was spurious. I don’t know anybody named Mary Fox. You’ve probably received a scam letter like this before, perhaps purportedly from someone you actually know. Many people have. And some of them, Lord knows how, fall for it. I blame the publishing establishment. (Stay with me here.) How is it that people can succumb to this pathetic con? Don’t they notice the stilted language obviously not the prose of someone raised speaking and writing English? Do they excuse it by reasoning that Ms. Fox wrote so awfully because she’s emotionally distraught? The problem is, we’re inured to poor writing. We see it all the time online, of course, but also in newspapers and magazines, even in books. The prose of writers with only a tenuous grasp of the basics of English composition is often published with little or no professional mediation, and so we get used to it. And like lumpen proles seduced by propaganda, we can’t recognize a con job when it punches us in the face. The day before dear Mary Fox implored me to come to her assistance, I received, by email, a PDF of a letter that began, â€Å"Congratulations to you as we bring to your notice, the results of the First Category draws of E-MAIL LOTTERY organized by the Canadian Government in conjunction with South Africa government (SA).† Whoo! I was told, â€Å"Please note that your lucky winning number falls within our Afro representative office in (South Africa) as indicated in your electronic play coupon.† Later references were made to â€Å"our Africa agent† and â€Å"our Africa Agent.† (I presume, from the previous quoted sentence, that this person is identifiable by their Afro.) Anyone who fails to note the nearly illiterate writing and falls victim to this scam or similar ones deserves what they get (or, more appropriately, doesn’t deserve what they get taken away from them), but I’m serious when I say that lax standards in publishing contribute to a diminishment of critical-thinking skills among the public. Misinformation and deception are of course often couched in elegant or at least competent language, but the publishing industry does us a disservice by abandoning its traditional role as a provider of exemplary literature and other prose. Many publications and publishers proudly uphold this role, but too many others sacrifice quality for expediency, and the world is a poorer place for it. (And some people are literally poorer for it.) Oh, speaking of poor, don’t worry about poor Ms. Mary Fox: I’m sending her the money she requested, because I won the lottery! Postscript: So that this post lives up to the DailyWritingTips.com mission, I offer these tips: When you receive a written message purporting to be from a friend or a valid institution, make sure the writing quality is appropriate for the source and make no excuses. And, in turn, if you want to be respected, write respectably. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Types and Forms of Humor"Latter," not "Ladder"List of 50 Compliments and Nice Things to Say!

Evolution of music essays

Evolution of music essays In the video we saw in class we learned about the advancement of music with the development of technology. The first thing that we saw was how the bell makers now use computers to eliminate the unwanted sounds from bells by creating bells of different shape. Also we saw how the organ manipulates sound by sending it through different tubes of different diameters and by decreasing or increasing the size of the tubes then we saw how technology manipulates all those sounds by using filters. How those filters work. Sound is converted into a digital signal of ones and zeros that that signal can be filtered using hardware or software. Since sound is already converted into ones and zeroes, using software we can eliminate parts of sound for which we already know how the signal would lock like in numbers. Hardware wise I dont really know how it is done. Then we saw how a professor from a university was given the task of finding out the quemical components of the varnish and of the wood of Stradivarius violins that way we could reproduce those. When locking into the varnish he found out that the varnish contained powder made from precious stones. Then when he locked into the chemical components of the wood of the violine he found out that the wood was wood of fresh just cut wood that was marinated since it was fir a time in salt water probably do to that the wood was transported by drag in it through the sea to the place of its destination. The professor theory is that the two famous violin makers didnt really knew or specifically choose the wood and the varnish it was gust luck and being at right place at the right time. ...

Corruption Essays - English-language Films, Characters In Macbeth

Corruption Essays - English-language Films, Characters In Macbeth Corruption Corruption of power was a very evident theme in both Emperor Jones and Macbeth. In both plays the main character was corrupted for different reasons. However, many similarities lie within the storyline which contributed to the downfall of both Jones and Macbeth. In both plays, each character began as "common". Jones was even portrayed to be a criminal at one point in his life. They were brought to power by different reasons. Jones? reason was his deception towards his people and Macbeth?s position was appointed to him. Both of these men continued to strive for absolute power. Their selfish and ambitious nature drove them to be power-hungry. This became the tragic flaw in their character. In both plays, the leader realizes that his time as ruler may soon come to and end when the people of the story revolt against him. This did not have as much effect on either of the men because of the fantasy that had been created by their own minds. Jones believed that he can not be killed unless it is of a silver bullet, Macbeth believed that he can not be killed unless it is by one not born of woman. Having absolute power had led these men to think that they were immortal and invincible. However as the story progresses we are shown that they are not immor tal. Another similarity which occured were the apparitions which appeared to Jones and Macbeth when they were each alone. These apparitions caused the men to progress further into their downfall from power. Jones slowly shrinks back to where he has started from which is symbolized by the loss of clothing after each vision is witnessed. Macbeth became more eager to gain success after each of his visions were sighted. This is where there are differences in the reactions of the men. After each apparition Jones became more vulnerable and emotional. The visions that he encounteeds reminded him where he once was and brings him down from his pedestal. At the end of the play he is well aware of the mistakes that he had made and ends up dying by the fantasy he thought would never come true. In contrast to Jones, Macbeth reacted the opposite to the visions that he encountered. The apparitions predicted his future whereas Jones? retold his past. Macbeth was encouraged to pursue the predictions because of the positive outcome foreseen. Unlike Jones Macbeth did not show much emotion especially when his was informed of his wife?s death. He replied that she had picked an inconvenient time to die and he did not have time to grieve for her. The corruption of both Jones and Macbeth was based upon their tragic flaw to gain as much power as possible. Their downfall from the climax showed how ambition can control life. It transforms the person into one of ruthless nature, determined to obtain the highest point of strength at whatever is necessary to accomplish that goal. You create tales in which you end up believing causing you to lose whatever little pride you once had.

How to Demagnetize a Magnet

How to Demagnetize a Magnet A magnet forms when the magnetic dipoles in a material orient in the same general direction. Iron and manganese are two elements that can be made into magnets by aligning the magnetic dipoles in the metal, otherwise these metals are not inherently magnetic. Other types of magnets exist, such as neodymium iron boron (NdFeB), samarium cobalt (SmCo), ceramic (ferrite) magnets, and aluminum nickel cobalt (AlNiCo) magnets. These materials are called permanent magnets, but there are ways to demagnetize them. Basically, its a matter of randomizing the orientation of the magnetic dipole. Heres what you do: Key Takeaways: Demagnetization Demagnetization randomizes the orientation of magnetic dipoles.Demagnetization processes include heating past the Curie point, applying a strong magnetic field, applying alternating current, or hammering the metal.Demagnetization occurs naturally over time. The speed of the process depends on the material, the temperature, and other factors.While demagnetization may occur by accident, it is often performed intentionally when metal parts become magnetized or in order to destroy magnetic-encoded data. Demagnetize a Magnet by Heating or Hammering If you heat a magnet past the temperature called the Curie point, the energy will free the magnetic dipoles from their ordered orientation. The long-range order is destroyed and the material will have little to no magnetization. The temperature required to achieve the effect is a physical property of the particular material. You can get the same effect by repeatedly hammering a magnet, applying pressure, or dropping it on a hard surface. The physical disruption and vibration shake the order out of the material, demagnetizing it. Self Demagnetization Over time, most magnets naturally lose strength as long range ordering is reduced. Some magnets dont last very long, while natural demagnetization is an extremely slow process for others. If you store a bunch of magnets together or randomly rub magnets against each other, each will affect the other, changing the orientation of the magnetic dipoles and lessening the net magnetic field strength. A strong magnet can be used to demagnetize a weaker that has a lower coercive field. Apply AC Current One way to make a magnet is by applying an electrical field (electromagnet), so it makes sense you can use alternating current to remove magnetism, too. To do this, you pass AC current through a solenoid. Start with a higher current and slowly reduce it until its zero. Alternating current rapidly switches directions, changing the orientation of the electromagnetic field. The magnetic dipoles try to orient according to the field, but since its changing, they end up randomized. The core of the material may retain a slight magnetic field due to hysteresis. Note you cant use DC current to achieve the same effect because this type of current only flows in one direction. Applying DC might not increase the strength of a magnet like you might expect, because its unlikely youll run the current through the material in the exact same direction as the orientation of the magnetic dipoles. You will change the orientation of some of the dipoles, but probably not all of them, unless you apply a strong enough current. A Magnetizer Demagnetizer tool is a device you can purchase which applies a strong enough field to change or neutralize a magnetic field. The tool is useful for magnetizing or demagnetizing iron and steel tools, which tend to retain their state unless disturbed. Why You Would Want to Demagnetize a Magnet You may be wondering why youd want to ruin a perfectly good magnet. The answer is that sometimes magnetization is undesirable. For example, if you have a magnetic tape drive or other data storage device and wish to dispose of it, you dont want just anyone to be able to access the data. Demagnetization is one way to remove the data and improve security. There are many situations in which metallic objects become magnetic and cause problems. In some cases, the problem is that the metal now attracts other metals to it, while in other cases, the magnetic field itself presents issues. Examples of materials that are commonly demagnetized include flatware, engine components, tools (although some are intentionally magnetized, like screwdriver bits), metal parts following machining or welding, and metal molds.

International Standardization and Information-Communication Industries Essay

International Standardization and Information-Communication Industries - Essay Example The reasons for this difference in the electronics companies in the United States and Japan can be traced to historical reasons. In Japan during the early 1960s, the Ministry of the Economy, Trade and Industry helped in the formulation of trade agreements wherein each Japanese developer of computer systems was paired with a counterpart in the United States, with the objective being that of ensuring Japan’s participation in the electronic revolution and to enable it to compete with IBM which was then the most important player in the market for computer systems.(Hagiu, 2005). The result of this policy was the development of incompatible systems, with operating systems for each being different depending upon which U.S. partner the Japanese company was working with; even IBM systems were sometimes incompatible with each other. Thus, in order to enhance profitability, the Japanese electronics companies found it more profitable to develop integrated systems, whereby one company manufactured highly customized systems offering free software and upgrades, as well as all the hardware component parts, sourcing distributors and suppliers and integrating them into the network of the company organization itself (Hagiu, 2005). This also resulted in a gradual elimination of the U.S. counterparts. The Japanese market is now characterized so much by specialized development of software and electronic products from vertically integrated companies that it is difficult for medium sized independent developers/companies to flourish because there is very little scope for the development of popular platforms which justifies mass scale production of software. In the United States on the other hand, the monopoly enjoyed by IBM in the 1960s and its vertically integrated structure was affected after an antitrust suit was filed against the Company (Hagiu, 2005). Due to this suit, there was a public hue and cry against monopolization

Course Work 1 ( Legal Framework of Protective Security) Essay

Course Work 1 ( Legal Framework of Protective Security) - Essay Example â€Å"The tort of negligence has developed this century largely as a result of the judgement in the case of Donoghue v Stevenson† (â€Å"Negligence: The Law of Tort, 2010, pgh. 1). In that particular case, a woman was having an ice-cream float. She happened to see something in her ginger which appeared to be decomposed snail. Since she complained to the courts regarding the company, Stevenson, having a duty of care towards herself as the buyer of the drink, she mainly blamed the company for its negligence. This was due to the fact that she had to not only seek out a medical professional, but in addition suffered much psychological stress as a result of the event. In this manner, this was an excellent case to be used as a precedent in UK law. It defined a clear ruling that basically states that everyone who is presumed to be one’s ‘neighbour’ is therefore responsible for being protected by the person who is in his duty of care. Duty of care, therefore, will be defined here. Duty of care is the obligation to exercise a level of care towards an individual, as is reasonable in all the circumstances, to avoid injury to that individual or his property.The duty of care is therefore based on the relationship of the different parties†¦.† (â€Å"What is the Duty of Care?†, 2010, pghs. 1-2). ... The second party in Cheryl’s security detail, John, is probably responsible for the blogger’s broken rib, since he kicked the man in the chest. Since Martin only held the man down, technically he is not responsible for any of the damage caused to the hip-hop blogger. Both Carl and John could both be charged with Actual Bodily Harm, even though Carl was the main aggressor. What is important is that John also is seen as responsible for his actions, as well. Even though he didn’t commit the extent of bodily harm to the blogger that Carl did, he is nonetheless still responsible for his actions and should be held responsible for those actions in a court of law. Carl will probably be tried on both civil and criminal charges, which will be discussed more in the next section. As it stands for now, however, Carl must be ready to defend himself in court, and as such, certain types of defences will be discussed in a different section. Several factors must be taken into acco unt in that section, especially the idea that Ms. Rice was fearing for her life at various points. However, the fact that Carl and his team brutally attacked the blogger with little forethought except having heard the man yell out the singer’s name precipitated an event which is sure that the blogger had no idea was going to happen. The metallic object in his hand happened to be a walkman so he could record the interview that he wanted to have with Cheryl. The blogger himself could definitely be charged with trespassing due to the fact that he had gotten into the venue without proper access to have an interview. II. Advisement to Carl on His Position in Civil and Criminal Law (650 words) Good advice for Carl is to not speak, except to